作者中心
专家审稿
责编办公
编辑办公
-
摘要: 可重构电磁超表面是电磁超表面领域广受关注的热点方向。将可控器件/材料引入超表面设计，可重构超表面的电磁调控性能可以实时灵活动态控制。这极大丰富了超表面的功能，有力推动了超表面由理论设计向工程应用突破。近年来该团队持续关注电磁超表面的最新发展，围绕微波频段的可重构超表面，从理论、技术与应用3个层面开展探索研究。该文首先梳理了国内外在该领域的研究历程，然后从可重构超表面对电磁波的幅度、相位和极化特性调控及其应用等方面着手，综述了该团队在该领域的研究成果，并给出对未来工作的展望。Abstract: Recently, reconfigurable metasurfaces have attracted intense attention in the field of electromagnetic metasurfaces. Compared with other metasurfaces, reconfigurable metasurfaces that uses steerable devices or materials to control the electromagnetic wave in real time are more versatile and show great promise in engineering applications. Our team has continuously explored advances of reconfigurable metasurfaces and also studied the microwave region from the perspectives of theory, technique and applications. This study reviews the research history of reconfigurable metasurfaces and summarizes some of our previous works, including a study on the amplitude, phase and polarization modulation of electromagnetic waves and their applications. Finally, the study discusses future challenges and possibilities for reconfigurable metasurfaces.
-
Key words:
- Electromagnetic metasurface /
- Reconfigurable /
- Electromagnetic control /
- Antenna /
- Vortex beam
-
图 3 电可控Hilbert吸波可重构超表面反射系数
Figure 3. Reflectivity of the reconfigurable Hilbert metasurface absorber
图 8 超宽带低损耗相位可重构超表面结构
Figure 8. Ultra-wideband and low-loss phase reconfigurable metasurface
图 11 X频段超表面编码状态与极化可重构性能
Figure 11. Coding matrix and polarization reconfigurable properties of the X-band metasurface
图 12 宽带线-线极化可重构超表面及其功能
Figure 12. Wideband linear-to-linear polarization reconfigurable metasurface and its properties
图 13 宽带多极化可重构超表面及其功能
Figure 13. Wideband multi-polarization reconfigurable metasurface and its properties
图 14 超宽带多极化可重构超表面单元
Figure 14. Ultra-wideband multi-polarization reconfigurable metasurface unit cell
图 15 超宽带紧凑型多极化可重构超表面单元
Figure 15. Ultra-wideband multi- polarization compact reconfigurable metasurface unit cell
图 20 16×16可重构超表面及产生的涡旋场
Figure 20. 16×16 reconfigurable metasurface and the generated vortex field
表 1 电控可重构实现技术
Table 1. Technologies for the implementation of electronic control reconfigurability
参数 集总元件 功能材料 PIN二极管 压控/变容二极管 射频MEMS 液晶 石墨烯 砷化镓 技术成熟度 + + 0 0 – – 偏置复杂度 – – + 0 + 控制 数字(1 V) 模拟(0～30 V) 数字(60 V) 模拟 模拟 模拟 成本 + + 0 0 0 – 损耗(微波) – – + – – – 功耗 – + + 0 + 速度 +(ns) +(ns) 0(ms) – + 线性度 0 – + 0 – 可用度 商用 商用 多数需定制 特殊设备 注：+：好；0：中；–：差。 
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 孙树林, 何琼, 周磊. 电磁超表面[J]. 物理, 2015, 44(6): 366–376. doi: 10.7693/wl20150603SUN Shulin, HE Qiong, and ZHOU Lei. Electromagnetic metasurfaces[J]. Physics, 2015, 44(6): 366–376. doi: 10.7693/wl20150603 [2] 汪国平. 超材料与超表面介绍[J]. 光学与光电技术, 2020, 18(5): 5–9. doi: 10.19519/j.cnki.1672-3392.2020.05.002WANG Guoping. Introduction to metamaterials and metasurfaces[J]. Optics &Optoelectronic Technology, 2020, 18(5): 5–9. doi: 10.19519/j.cnki.1672-3392.2020.05.002 [3] YU Nanfang, GENEVET P, KATS M A, et al. Light propagation with phase discontinuities: Generalized laws of reflection and refraction[J]. Science, 2011, 334(6054): 333–337. doi: 10.1126/science.1210713 [4] CUI Tiejun, QI Meiqing, WAN Xiang, et al. Coding metamaterials, digital metamaterials and programmable metamaterials[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 2014, 3(10): e218. [5] GIOVAMPAOLA C D and ENGHETA N. Digital metamaterials[J]. Nature Materials, 2014, 13(12): 1115–1121. doi: 10.1038/nmat4082 [6] 崔铁军. 电磁超材料—从等效媒质到现场可编程系统[J]. 中国科学: 信息科学, 2020, 50(10): 1427–1461. doi: 10.1360/SSI-2020-0123CUI Tiejun. Electromagnetic metamaterials—from effective media to field programmable systems[J]. Scientia Sinica Informationis, 2020, 50(10): 1427–1461. doi: 10.1360/SSI-2020-0123 [7] XU Wenhua, HE Yun, KONG Peng, et al. An ultra-thin broadband active frequency selective surface absorber for ultrahigh-frequency applications[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2015, 118(18): 184903. doi: 10.1063/1.4934683 [8] ZHU Bo O, ZHAO Junming, and FENG Yijun. Active impedance metasurface with full 360 reflection phase tuning[J]. Scientific Reports, 2013, 3: 3059. doi: 10.1038/srep03059 [9] CHEN Ke, FENG Yijun, MONTICONE F, et al. A reconfigurable active huygens’ metalens[J]. Advanced Materials, 2017, 29(17): 1606422. doi: 10.1002/adma.201606422 [10] MA Xiaoliang, PAN Wenbo, HUANG Cheng, et al. An active metamaterial for polarization manipulating[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2014, 2(10): 945–949. doi: 10.1002/adom.201400212 [11] HUANG Cheng, ZHANG Changlei, YANG Jianing, et al. Reconfigurable metasurface for multifunctional control of electromagnetic waves[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2017, 5(22): 1700485. doi: 10.1002/adom.201700485 [12] XU Hexiu, MA Shaojie, LUO Weijie, et al. Aberration-free and functionality-switchable meta-lenses based on tunable metasurfaces[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2016, 109(19): 193506. doi: 10.1063/1.4967438 [13] WANG Jiayun, YANG Rongcao, MA Runbo, et al. Reconfigurable multifunctional metasurface for broadband polarization conversion and perfect absorption[J]. IEEE Access, 2020, 8: 105815–105823. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3000042 [14] COSTA F, MONORCHIO A, and VASTANTE G P. Tunable high-impedance surface with a reduced number of varactors[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2011, 10: 11–13. doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2011.2107723 [15] BRAY M G, BAYRAKTAR Z, and WERNER D H. GA optimized ultra-thin tunable EBG AMC surfaces[C]. 2006 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Albuquerque, USA, 2006: 3–8. [16] 杨欢欢, 杨帆, 许慎恒, 等. Ku波段编码式电控超薄周期单元设计与验证[J]. 物理学报, 2016, 65(5): 054102. doi: 10.7498/aps.65.054102YANG Huanhuan, YANG Fan, XU Shenheng, et al. Design and verification of an electronically controllable ultrathin coding periodic element in Ku band[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2016, 65(5): 054102. doi: 10.7498/aps.65.054102 [17] CHEN Weiting, YANG Kuangyu, WANG C M, et al. High-efficiency broadband meta-hologram with polarization-controlled dual images[J]. Nano Letters, 2014, 14(1): 225–230. doi: 10.1021/nl403811d [18] 周仕浩, 房欣宇, 李猛猛, 等. S/X双频带吸波实时可调的吸波器[J]. 物理学报, 2020, 69(20): 204101. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20200606ZHOU Shihao, FANG Xinyu, LI Mengmeng, et al. S/X dual-band real-time modulated frequency selective surface based absorber[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2020, 69(20): 204101. doi: 10.7498/aps.69.20200606 [19] DING Yuxuan, LI Mengyao, SU Jianxun, et al. Ultrawideband frequency-selective absorber designed with an adjustable and highly selective notch[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2020, . doi: 10.1109/TAP.2020.3026889 [20] LI You, LI Huangyan, WANG Yunwen, et al. A novel switchable absorber/linear converter based on active metasurface and its application[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2020, 68(11): 7688–7693. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2020.2980301 [21] YANG Huanhuan, YANG Fan, XU Shenheng, et al. A 1-bit multi-polarization reflectarray element for reconfigurable large-aperture antennas[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2017, 16: 581–584. doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2016.2590478 [22] SIEVENPIPER D F, SCHAFFNER J H, SONG H J, et al. Two-dimensional beam steering using an electrically tunable impedance surface[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2003, 51(10): 2713–2722. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2003.817558 [23] HU W, ISMAIL M Y, CAHILL R, et al. Electronically reconfigurable monopulse reflectarray antenna with liquid crystal substrate[C]. The 2nd European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Edinburgh, UK, 2007. [24] LUO Xinyao, GUO Wenlong, CHEN Ke, et al. Active cylindrical metasurface with spatial reconfigurability for tunable backward scattering reduction[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2020, in press. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2020.3037728 [25] 杨帆, 许慎恒, 刘骁, 等. 基于界面电磁学的新型相控阵天线[J]. 电波科学学报, 2018, 33(3): 256–265. doi: 10.13443/j.cjors.2018052401YANG Fan, XU Shenheng, LIU Xiao, et al. Novel phased array antennas based on surface electromagnetics[J]. Chinese Journal of Radio Science, 2018, 33(3): 256–265. doi: 10.13443/j.cjors.2018052401 [26] YANG Xue, XU Shenheng, YANG Fan, et al. A broadband high-efficiency reconfigurable reflectarray antenna using mechanically rotational elements[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2017, 65(8): 3959–3966. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2017.2708079 [27] YANG Xue, XU Shenheng, YANG Fan, et al. A mechanically reconfigurable reflectarray with slotted patches of tunable height[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2018, 17(4): 555–558. doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2018.2802701 [28] YANG Huanhuan, YANG Fan, XU Shenheng, et al. A 1-bit 10×10 reconfigurable reflectarray antenna: Design, optimization, and experiment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2016, 64(6): 2246–2254. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2016.2550178 [29] LI Lianlin, SHUANG Ya, MA Qian, et al. Intelligent metasurface imager and recognizer[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 2019, 8: 97. [30] LI Lianlin, CUI Tiejun, JI Wei, et al. Electromagnetic reprogrammable coding-metasurface holograms[J]. Nature Communications, 2017, 8: 197. doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-00164-9 [31] WANG Ling, YANG Yang, LI Shufang, et al. Terahertz reconfigurable metasurface for dynamic non-diffractive orbital angular momentum beams using vanadium dioxide[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2020, 12(3): 4600712. [32] YANG Huanhuan, CAO Xiangyu, YANG Fan, et al. A programmable metasurface with dynamic polarization, scattering and focusing control[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 35692. doi: 10.1038/srep35692 [33] CUI Tiejun, LIU Shuo, and LI Lianlin. Information entropy of coding metasurface[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 2016, 5: e16172. [34] ZHANG Lei, CHEN Xiaoqing, LIU Shuo, et al. Space-time-coding digital metasurfaces[J]. Nature Communications, 2018, 9: 4334. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06802-0 [35] LUO Zhangjie, WANG Qiang, ZHANG Xinge, et al. Intensity‐dependent metasurface with digitally reconfigurable distribution of nonlinearity[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2019, 7(19): 1900792. doi: 10.1002/adom.201900792 [36] WAN Xiang, ZHANG Qian, CHEN Tianyi, et al. Multichannel direct transmissions of near-field information[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 2019, 8: 60. [37] DAI Junyan, TANG Wankai, ZHAO Jie, et al. Wireless communications through a simplified architecture based on time-domain digital coding metasurface[J]. Advanced Materials Technologies, 2019, 4(7): 1900044. doi: 10.1002/admt.201900044 [38] MA Qian, BAI Guodong, JING Hongbo, et al. Smart metasurface with self-adaptively reprogrammable functions[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 2019, 8: 98. [39] DÍAZ-RUBIO A, TORRENT D, CARBONELL J, et al. Extraordinary absorption by a thin dielectric slab backed with a metasurface[J]. Physical Review B, 2014, 89(24): 245123. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.89.245123 [40] 杨欢欢. 新型电磁表面及其可重构阵列天线应用研究[D]. [博士论文], 空军工程大学, 2016.YANG Huanhuan. Research on novel electromagnetic surface and reconfigurable reflectarrays[D]. [Ph.D. dissertation], Air Force Engineering University, 2016. [41] HUM S V and PERRUISSEAU-CARRIER J. Reconfigurable reflectarrays and array lenses for dynamic antenna beam control: A review[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2014, 62(1): 183–198. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2013.2287296 [42] AL-NUAIMI M K T, HE Yejun, and HONG Wei. Design of 1-bit coding engineered reflectors for EM-wave shaping and RCS modifications[J]. IEEE Access, 2018, 6: 75422–75428. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2883721 [43] VENNERI F, COSTANZO S, and DI MASSA G. Design and validation of a reconfigurable single varactor-tuned reflectarray[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2013, 61(2): 635–645. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2012.2226229 [44] 范小龙. 基于MEMS开关的有源可重构频率选择表面的研究与设计[D]. [硕士论文], 南京理工大学, 2014.FAN Xiaolong. Reseach and design of active reconfigurable frequency selective surface based on MEMS switches[D]. [Master dissertation], Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 2014. [45] OLOUMI D, MOGHADAS H, and MOUSAVI P. Dual-band orthogonally-polarized slotted-Lozenge reflective unit cell tuned by MEMS varactor[C]. The 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Chicago, USA, 2012. [46] HUANG Xianjun, ZHANG Xiao, HU Zhirun, et al. Design of broadband and tunable terahertz absorbers based on graphene metasurface: Equivalent circuit model approach[J]. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, 2015, 9(4): 307–312. doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2014.0152 [47] TORABI E S, FALLAHI A, and YAHAGHI A. Evolutionary optimization of graphene-metal metasurfaces for tunable broadband terahertz absorption[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2017, 65(3): 1464–1467. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2016.2647580 [48] ZENG Chao, LIU Xueming, and WANG Guoxi. Electrically tunable graphene plasmonic quasicrystal metasurfaces for transformation optics[J]. Scientific Reports, 2014, 4: 5763. [49] SAVO S, SHREKENHAMER D, and PADILLA W J. Liquid crystal metamaterial absorber spatial light modulator for THz applications[J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2014, 2(3): 275–279. doi: 10.1002/adom.201300384 [50] VASIĆ B, ISIĆ G, BECCHERELLI R, et al. Tunable beam steering at terahertz frequencies using reconfigurable metasurfaces coupled with liquid crystals[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2020, 26(5): 7701609. [51] 杨欢欢, 曹祥玉, 高军, 等. 基于电磁谐振分离的宽带低雷达截面超材料吸波体[J]. 物理学报, 2013, 62(21): 214101. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.214101YANG Huanhuan, CAO Xiangyu, GAO Jun, et al. Broadband low-RCS metamaterial absorber based on electromagnetic resonance separation[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2013, 62(21): 214101. doi: 10.7498/aps.62.214101 [52] LANDY N I, SAJUYIGBE S, MOCK J J, et al. Perfect metamaterial absorber[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2008, 100(20): 207402. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.207402 [53] 马嘉俊. 基于分形人工电磁材料吸波特性的阵列天线隐身技术研究[D]. 空军工程大学, 2014.MA Jiajun. Radar cross section reduction of antenna array based on the absorption of fractal metamaterial[D]. Air Force Engineering University, 2014. [54] ZHANG Guowen, GAO Jun, CAO Xiangyu, et al. An ultra-thin low-frequency tunable metamaterial absorber based on lumped element[J]. Radioengineering, 2019, 28(3): 579–584. [55] CARRASCO E, BARBA M, and ENCINAR J A. X-band reflectarray antenna with switching-beam using PIN diodes and gathered elements[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2012, 60(12): 5700–5708. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2012.2208612 [56] MONTORI S, CACCIAMANI F, GATTI R V, et al. A transportable reflectarray antenna for satellite Ku-band emergency communications[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2015, 63(4): 1393–1407. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2015.2398128 [57] YANG Huanhuan, YANG Fan, CAO Xiangyu, et al. A 1600-element dual-frequency electronically reconfigurable reflectarray at X/Ku-band[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2017, 65(6): 3024–3032. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2017.2694703 [58] TIAN Jianghao, CAO Xiangyu, GAO Jun, et al. Design of a low loss and broadband active element of reconfigurable reflectarray antennas[J]. Optical Materials Express, 2019, 9(10): 4104–4114. doi: 10.1364/OME.9.004104 [59] 田江浩. 基于可重构技术的反射型多功能超表面特性研究[D]. [硕士论文], 空军工程大学, 2019.TIAN Jianghao. Research on reflective multi-functional metasurface based on reconfigurable technology[D]. [Master dissertation], Air Force Engineering University, 2019. [60] LI Tong, YANG Huanhuan, LI Qi, et al. Dual-polarised and ultra-thin broadband AAMCs for both P and L bands applications[J]. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, 2019, 13(2): 185–189. doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2018.5151 [61] 吕世奇. 基于数字电磁超表面涡旋电磁波的优化技术研究[D]. [硕士论文], 空军工程大学, 2019.LÜ Shiqi. Research on optimization of vortex electromagnetic waves based on digital electromagnetic metasurface[D]. [Master dissertation], Air Force Engineering University, 2019. [62] ZHANG Chen, GAO Jun, CAO Xiangyu, et al. Multifunction tunable metasurface for entire-space electromagnetic wave manipulation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2020, 68(4): 3301–3306. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2019.2929438 [63] CAI Tong, WANG Guangming, TANG Shiwei, et al. High-efficiency and full-space manipulation of electromagnetic wave fronts with metasurfaces[J]. Physical Review Applied, 2017, 8(3): 034033. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.8.034033 [64] 于惠存, 曹祥玉, 高军, 等. 一种宽带可重构反射型极化旋转表面[J]. 物理学报, 2018, 67(22): 224101. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20181041YU Huicun, CAO Xiangyu, GAO Jun, et al. Broadband reconfigurable reflective polarization convertor[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2018, 67(22): 224101. doi: 10.7498/aps.67.20181041 [65] YU Huicun, CAO Xiangyu, GAO Jun, et al. Design of a wideband and reconfigurable polarization converter using a manipulable metasurface[J]. Optical Materials Express, 2018, 8(11): 3373–3381. doi: 10.1364/OME.8.003373 [66] TIAN Jianghao, CAO Xiangyu, GAO Jun, et al. A reconfigurable ultra-wideband polarization converter based on metasurface incorporated with PIN diodes[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2019, 125(13): 135105. doi: 10.1063/1.5067383 [67] GUO Zexu, CAO Xiangyu, GAO Jun, et al. A novel reconfigurable metasurface with coincident and ultra- wideband LTL and LTC polarization conversion functions[J]. Radio Engineering, 2019, 28(4): 696–702. [68] LI Tong, YANG Huanhuan, LI Qi, et al. Active metasurface for broadband radiation and integrated low radar cross section[J]. Optical Materials Express, 2019, 9(3): 1161–1172. doi: 10.1364/OME.9.001161 [69] 韩江枫. 电磁超表面幅相特性调控及应用研究[D]. [博士论文], 空军工程大学, 2020.HAN Jiangfeng. Research on amplitude and phase characteristics of metasurfaces and its aoolications[D]. [Ph. D. dissertation], Air Force Engineering University, 2020. [70] ZHANG Di, CAO Xiangyu, YANG Huanhuan, et al. Multiple OAM vortex beams generation using 1-bit metasurface[J]. Optics Express, 2018, 26(19): 24804–24815. doi: 10.1364/OE.26.024804 [71] ZHANG Di, CAO Xiangyu, YANG Huanhuan, et al. Radiation performance synthesis for OAM vortex wave generated by reflective metasurface[J]. IEEE Access, 2018, 6: 28691–28701. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2839099 [72] ZHANG Di, CAO Xiangyu, YANG Huanhuan, et al. Aperture efficiency and mode constituent analysis for OAM vortex beam generated by digital metasurface[J]. Chinese Physics B, 2019, 28(3): 034204. doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/28/3/034204 [73] 张迪. 新型数字电磁表面技术及其在涡旋电磁场中的应用研究[D]. [博士论文], 空军工程大学, 2019.ZHANG Di. Research on novel digital electromagnetic metasurface and its application in vortex electromagnetic field[D]. [Ph. D. dissertation], Air Force Engineering University, 2019. -
图(20) / 表(1)
计量
- 文章访问数: 8379
- HTML全文浏览量: 3525
- PDF下载量: 1252
- 被引次数: 0
