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Polarimetric Calibration and Insect Orientation Estimation of High-resolution Fully Polarimetric Entomological Radar
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摘要: 迁飞性虫害突发性强、危害范围广，严重威胁国家粮食安全。昆虫雷达是监测昆虫迁飞的最有效手段，可为迁飞虫害预警防控提供关键信息支撑。传统昆虫雷达通过低分辨波形、旋转线极化天线等方式，实现昆虫体重、体轴方向等生物学参数测量。新型昆虫雷达采用调频步进频高分辨波形、瞬时全极化体制，可大幅提升昆虫生物学参数测量精度。但是，在传统极化测量误差之外，调频步进频成像会给不同极化通道引入新的乘性误差分量，导致极化通道间不一致更加复杂，必须进行高精度极化校准。针对以上问题，该文结合调频步进频波形特点对全极化测量模型进行了优化，并设计了一种基于松姿态约束下双定标体(金属球和金属丝)联合的高分辨全极化雷达极化校准方法，补偿了系统通道间不一致对极化信息测量的影响；在此基础上，进一步提出了基于生物对称模型的昆虫体轴方向估计方法，解析推导分析了极化通道间交叉串扰对体轴方向估计的影响机制。最后，利用多频全极化雷达(X, Ku, Ka)进行了极化校准和昆虫轴向测量实验，实测昆虫体轴方向测量误差优于3°，验证了所提方法的有效性。Abstract: Migratory pests are sudden outbreaks and widespread, putting national food security at risk. Entomological radar is most effective segment in monitoring insect migration, providing critical information for early warning and pest control. Traditional entomological radar can measure biological parameters such as mass and orientation using a low-resolution waveform and rotating linear polarization antenna. The new entomological radar uses a stepped chirp high-resolution waveform and instantaneous fully polarimetric system, which can considerably improve the accuracy of measuring insect biological data. However, in addition to the traditional polarization measurement errors, the stepped chirp waveform introduces new multiplicative error components to different polarization channels, resulting in a more complex imbalance between polarization channels, which requires high-precision polarization calibration. In response to the above issues, the fully polarimetric measurement model is optimized according to the characteristics of the high-resolution system, and a high-resolution system polarization error estimation method based on a sphere and a wire is proposed in this study, which can complete polarization calibration under the loose constraint of the calibrator attitude and compensate for the influence of channel inconsistency on polarization information measurement; additionally, an insect orientation estimation method based on a biological symmetry model is proposed, and the mechanism of cross-talk between polarization channels on orientation estimation is analyzed analytically. Finally, multifrequency high-resolution fully polarimetric radar (X, Ku, Ka) is used for polarimetric calibration and insect orientation measurement experiments, and the measurement error of orientation is less than 3°, which verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.
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图 2 不同角度时金属丝散射矩阵4个通道的幅度
Figure 2. Amplitude of the scattering matrix elements at different angles
图 3 昆虫体轴与极化方向示意图
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of orientation and polarization direction
图 4 不同频率时的昆虫朝向误差统计结果
Figure 4. Statistical results of insect orientation errors at different frequencies
图 5 交叉串扰对昆虫体轴方向估计的影响
Figure 5. Influence of cross-talk on the estimates of insect orientation
图 6 交叉串扰对虫群体轴方向分布的影响
Figure 6. Influence of cross-talk on the orientation distribution of insect swarms
图 8 不同实验场景下HH通道距离像
Figure 8. HH channel range profile under different experimental scenarios
图 9 金属丝散射矩阵4个通道幅度测量结果
Figure 9. The measured amplitude of wire scattering matrix elements
图 13 最差情况下
$ {\theta _{{\rm{err0}}}} $ 与系统隔离度的关系Figure 13. The relationship between
$ {\theta _{{\rm{err0}}}} $ and system isolation in the worst case表 1 不同交叉串扰时昆虫体轴方向估计误差
Table 1. Orientation estimation error under different cross-talk
编号 交叉串扰${C_1}$ 交叉串扰${C_2}$ 体轴估计误差均值(°) 体轴估计误差标准差(°) 体轴估计误差最大值(°) 第1组 $0.055{{\rm{e}}^{{\rm{j}}\pi /8}}$ $0.055{{\rm{e}}^{{\rm{j}}\pi /8} }$ 8.9e-05 2.28 4.39 第2组 $0.055{{\rm{e}}^{{\rm{j}}\pi /8}}$ ${C_1}/2$ –0.66 1.71 3.87 第3组 $0.055{{\rm{e}}^{{\rm{j}}\pi /8}}$ $0.055{{\rm{e}}^{{\rm{j}}\pi /16}}$ 0.08 2.46 4.74 
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表 2 多频全极化雷达参数
Table 2. The parameters of multi-frequency fully polarimetric radar
雷达参数 数值 雷达参数 数值 子频段带宽 1 GHz 距离分辨率 0.2 m(汉明窗) 中心频率 X1: 9.5 GHz; X2: 11.5 GHz; Ku1: 15.5 GHz;
Ku2: 17.5 GHz; Ka: 35 GHz同频段不同通道间隔离度 >25 dB (3 dB波束宽度内) 天线形式 X, Ku, Ka 3波段共口径反射面天线 主反射面直径 2400 mm 3 dB波束宽度 X频段：<1.1°；Ku频段：<0.6°；Ka频段：<0.35° 天线增益 X频段：>42 dB；Ku频段：
>46 dB；Ka频段：>52 dB波形体制 调频步进频(每个子频段10个跳频点) 脉冲宽度(实际) 0.4 μs 跳频间隔 100 MHz 子跳频点信号带宽 125 MHz 脉冲重复周期 20 μs 探测距离 300～1350 m 峰值功率 X频段：≥580 W；Ku频段：≥100 W；
Ka频段：≥20 W
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表 3 不同频段昆虫体轴方向测量误差
Table 3. Measurement error of insect orientation in different frequencies
昆虫高度(m) 频段 角度估计误差均值(°) 角度估计误差标准差(°) 角度估计误差最大值(°) 480 X1 –0.077 0.83 2.70 X2 –0.063 0.88 2.54 Ku1 –0.089 0.95 2.88 Ku2 –0.093 1.01 2.90 Ka –0.130 1.31 2.98 440 X1 0.025 0.75 1.57 X2 0.038 0.87 1.84 Ku1 0.091 0.94 2.28 Ku2 0.097 0.91 2.33 Ka 0.190 1.38 2.80 400 X1 0.001 0.76 1.32 X2 0.077 0.92 1.94 Ku1 0.099 1.09 1.98 Ku2 0.108 1.21 2.01 Ka 0.210 1.44 2.55
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