星源照射双/多基地SAR成像

武俊杰; 孙稚超; 吕争; 杨建宇; 李财品; 孙华瑞; 陈天夫; 赵良波; 任航; 庄超然

doi:10.12000/JR22213

星源照射双/多基地SAR成像

DOI: 10.12000/JR22213

1.
电子科技大学成都 611731
2.
中国空间技术研究院遥感卫星总体部北京 100094
3.
中国空间技术研究院西安分院西安 710100
4.
中国资源卫星数据与应用中心北京 100094

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(61901088, 61922023, 61801099)，北京市科技新星项目(Z201100006820103)

详细信息

作者简介:
武俊杰，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为合成孔径雷达成像、双/多基合成孔径雷达、雷达信号处理等

孙稚超，副教授，研究方向为最优化方法及其应用、双/多基合成孔径雷达、星载合成孔径雷达信号处理等

吕　争，高级工程师，研究方向为微波遥感卫星总体设计和遥感图像应用

杨建宇，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为雷达信号处理、合成孔径雷达成像等

李财品，高级工程师，研究方向为星载合成孔径雷达成像、雷达系统设计等

孙华瑞，博士生，研究方向为双基SAR成像算法等

陈天夫，博士生，研究方向为星源照射双基SAR成像算法、多模式SAR成像等

赵良波，研究员，研究方向为微波遥感卫星总体设计

任　航，博士生，研究方向为双/多基合成孔径雷达、压缩感知理论、优化理论和算法等

庄超然，硕士，工程师，主要负责民用陆地观测卫星运控工作，制定卫星运行及综合管控策略

通讯作者:
武俊杰 junjie_wu@uestc.edu.cn

责任主编：曾涛 Corresponding Editor: ZENG Tao
中图分类号: TN985
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-10-30
- 修回日期: 2023-02-18
- 网络出版日期: 2023-02-27
- 刊出日期: 2023-02-28

Bi/multi-static Synthetic Aperture Radar Using Spaceborne Illuminator

1.
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
2.
Institute of Remote Sensing Satellite, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
3.
Xi’an Branch, China Academy of Space Technology, Xi’an 710100, China
4.
China Center for Resources Satellite Data and Application, Beijing 100094, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (61901088, 61922023, 61801099), The Beijing Science and Technology New Star Project (Z201100006820103)

More Information

Corresponding author: WU Junjie, junjie_wu@uestc.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 星源照射双/多基地合成孔径雷达(SAR)，采用卫星发射，卫星、临近空间、飞机、地面等平台接收，实现对地海面场景和目标的高分辨成像。该技术具有可成像范围广、隐蔽性好、抗干扰能力强等优点，且可以通过波束调控实现扫描、聚束、滑动聚束等多种组合成像模式，从而获取更加丰富的成像信息，具有十分广阔的民用和军事应用前景。目前，国内外针对星源照射双/多基地SAR成像技术开展了多年的研究，积累了诸多研究成果。该文分别从系统组成、构型方法、回波模型、成像方法、收发同步与试验验证等方面对该技术进行阐述与分析，同时对相关的研究工作进行较系统的回顾，并展望了星源照射双/多基地SAR成像技术未来的发展方向。
- 合成孔径雷达 /
- 双基SAR /
- 星载平台 /
- 成像算法 /
- 试验验证
Abstract: Bi/multistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) using spaceborne illuminator utilizes spaceborne platforms as transmitters and satellites, near-space vehicles, aircraft, and ground platforms as receivers, which allows high-resolution imaging of ground and marine scenes and targets. The system’s benefits include a broad imaging field of view, high concealment, and potent antijamming abilities. By using beam steering methods, a variety of imaging modes can be achieved, such as staring spotlight and sliding spotlight modes, which obtain abundant information about the imaging scene and offer broad application prospects both in civil and military fields. Thus far, the bi/multistatic SAR using spaceborne illuminator has been intensively investigated, and several research findings have been reported. This paper examines the technology from the aspects of system components, configuration design, echo model, imaging techniques, bistatic synchronization, and experimental verification and systematically reviews the state-of-the-art research progress. Finally, it is anticipated that spaceborne illuminator technology will be used to develop bi/multistatic SAR in the future.
- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) /
- Bistatic SAR /
- Spaceborne platform /
- Imaging algorithm /
- Experimental verification

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图 1 星源照射双/多基地SAR系统

Figure 1. The configuration of bi/multi-static SAR system with spaceborne illuminators

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图 2 星源照射双/多基地 SAR 系统分类

Figure 2. The classification of bi/multi-static SAR system with spaceborne illuminators

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图 3 地面距离分辨率与几何构型的关系^[14]

Figure 3. The relationship between ground range resolutions and bistatic configurations^[14]

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图 4 地面方位分辨率与几何构型的关系^[14]

Figure 4. The relationship between ground azimuth resolutions and bistatic configurations^[14]

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图 5 HH极化星机双基SAR成像信噪比特性^[14]

Figure 5. The property of SNR for spaceborne/airborne bistatic SAR with HH polarization^[14]

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图 6 GEO星机双基SAR的等距离等多普勒线^[23]

Figure 6. The contour of range-Doppler for geosynchronous spaceborne/airborne bistatic SAR^[23]

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图 7 GEO星机多角度成像模式示意图^[25]

Figure 7. The diagram of multi-angle imaging modes for geosynchronous spaceborne/airborne bistatic SAR^[25]

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图 8 星地试验成像结果^[49]

Figure 8. The imaging result of spaceborne and ground-based bistatic SAR^[49]

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图 9 TerraSAR-X/F-SAR双基SAR成像结果^[61]

Figure 9. The imaging result of TerraSAR-X/F-SAR bistatic SAR^[61]

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图 10 稀疏恢复效果对比^[64]

Figure 10. Comparison of sparse reconstruction results^[64]

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图 11 GNSS星载双基SAR直达波同步系统^[5]

Figure 11. The direct-signal synchronous system for bistatic SAR with GNSS illuminators^[5]

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图 12 海面动目标成像结果比较^[79]

Figure 12. Comparison of the imaging results of the distributed moving target^[79]

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图 13 GEO SA-BiSAR的非稀疏分布式成像场景模拟^[82]

Figure 13. Nonsparse distributed imaging scene simulations for GEO SA-BiSAR^[82]

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图 14 SABRINA系统试验结果^[84]

Figure 14. The test results of SABRINA system^[84]

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图 15 德国DLR星机双基SAR试验成像结果^[85]

Figure 15. Imaging results of German DLR spaceborne/airborne bistatic SAR experiment^[85]

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图 16 德国FHR双基后视SAR成像结果^[86]

Figure 16. Imaging results of German FHR bistatic SAR experiment with back-looking mode^[86]

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图 17 美国圣地亚实验室星地双基SAR成像试验结果^[87]

Figure 17. Imaging results of spaceborne and ground-based bistatic SAR experiment conducted by US Sandia laboratory Laboratory^[87]

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图 18 单/双基成像结果对比^[88]

Figure 18. Comparison of monostatic/bistatic imaging results^[88]

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图 19 单通道和5通道DBF获取的图像对比^[90]

Figure 19. Comparison of imaging results between single channel DBF and five channel DBF^[90]

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图 20 成像结果对比^[56]

Figure 20. Comparison of imaging results^[56]

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图 21 成像结果与光学遥感图像对比^[91]

Figure 21. Comparison of imaging results with optical remote sensing images^[91]

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图 22 伯明翰大学GNSS星载/机载双基SAR成像试验结果^[4]

Figure 22. The results of GNSS spaceborne/airborne bistatic SAR experiment conducted by Birmingham University^[4]

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图 23 图像相干融合结果^[95]

Figure 23. Results of coherent fusion image^[95]

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图 24 伯明翰大学和国防科技大学GNSS星地双基SAR成像试验结果^[96]

Figure 24. Spaceborne and ground-based bistatic SAR experiment conducted by Birmingham University and National University of Defense Technology^[96]

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图 25 光学图像与成像结果的对比^[98]

Figure 25. Comparison between the optical image and the radar image^[98]

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表 1 GEO星机双基SAR系统仿真参数

Table 1. The simulation parameters of geosynchronous spaceborne/airborne bistatic SAR

系统参数	数值	平台参数	数值
载频	1.25 GHz	GEO轨道离心率	0.07
带宽	100 MHz	GEO轨道倾角	53°
峰值功率	5 kW	GEO半长轴长度	42164.17 km
发射天线增益	50 dB	接收站速度	200 m/s
接收天线增益	20.8 dB	接收站高度	10 km

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表 2 星源照射双/多基SAR典型系统/试验介绍

Table 2. Typical system introduction of bi/multi-static SAR system with spaceborne illuminators

类别	平台组合		典型系统/试验	国家	研制状态	优劣势与应用价值
类别	发射	接收	典型系统/试验	国家	研制状态	优劣势与应用价值
同构	SAR卫星	SAR卫星	陆探1号	中国	在轨运行	可实现高精度干涉测量，用于地表DEM生成与运动目标检测等
			TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X	德国	在轨运行
			TanDEM-L	德国	正在研制
异构	SAR卫星 GNSS卫星等	飞机、地面等	挑战者号+CV990飞机	美国	验证了星机双基SAR成像可行性	机载接收站：观测视角丰富、响应速度快地面接收站：感兴趣区域长时间观测 GNSS卫星：全球覆盖，带宽与功率受限 SAR卫星：大带宽、功率密度较高
			ERS-2/ENVISAT+地面固定站(SABRINA系统)	西班牙	星地双基干涉SAR试验
			TerraSAR-X+飞机 (F-SAR/PAMIR)	中国、德国、美国	星机SAR成像试验
			遥感-1+地面固定站	中国	对比单双基成像结果
			TerraSAR-X +地面固定站	中国	DBF提升信噪比
			高分-3+飞机	中国	星机双基SAR成像试验
			GLONASS/GPS/Galileo +地面固定接收	中国、英国	GNSS星地双基SAR成像试验
			GLONASS+飞机	英国、中国	GNSS星机双基SAR成像试验
			北斗-2+地面固定接收	中国	GNSS星地双基SAR成像试验

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