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摘要:
通过被动接收辐射源信号并确定其位置的无源定位技术，在电子侦察、搜索救援等领域具有重要价值。传统测向交叉、时差、频差等无源定位技术通常需要两步实现辐射源的定位，第1步通过截获的信号采样估计与辐射源位置有关的定位参数，第2步利用这些定位参数求解辐射源的位置，这种处理方式带来了信息量损失、定位参数关联困难、系统灵敏度需求高等问题。近十几年来，兴起了一种无需估计定位参数，而是直接处理原始采样信号获得辐射源位置估计的直接定位(DPD)技术，其具有适应低信噪比、无需参数关联、鲁棒性强等优势。在对已有直接定位技术进行全面总结基础上，该文归纳了基于不同信息类型的典型直接定位技术、特殊信号直接定位技术、高分辨率高精度直接定位技术、直接定位快速算法以及直接定位模型误差校正技术等已有成果，并对直接定位未来发展方向进行展望。
Abstract:Passive localization technology, which intercepts emitter signals and passively determines their positions, has important value in fields such as electronic reconnaissance and search and rescue. The traditional passive localization technology approach, i.e., cross-bearing, time difference of arrival, and frequency difference of arrival, requires two steps to estimate the emitter position—estimating the parameters related to the positions and then solving the emitter positions based on the previously estimated parameters. This process results in loss of information and difficulty with data association, and requires high system sensitivity. In recent years, a Direct Position Determination (DPD) method was developed that obtains the emitter positions directly by processing the original sampled signals and requires no estimation of intermediate parameters. This method is robust, achieves high performance with a low signal-to-noise ratio, and requires no parameter association. In this paper, we present a comprehensive summary of existing research on DPD and an overall introduction of DPD, including typical DPD methods based on different information types, DPD of special signals, high-resolution high-accuracy DPD, fast DPD algorithms, and the calibration technology used to address DPD model errors. We also consider the future outlook for DPD.
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图 1 直接定位系统与传统两步定位系统示意图
Figure 1. Diagrammatic drawings of DPD and two steps localization systems
图 2 ES, ML, MUSIC, MVDR代价函数单位等高线图(星为辐射源真实位置)
Figure 2. The unitized contours of the cost functions based on ES, ML, MUSIC and MVDR (The stars stand for the real positions of the emitters)
图 3 相参直接定位信号处理和非相参直接定位信号处理示意图
Figure 3. Diagrammatic drawings of coherent processing and noncoherent processing of DPD
图 5 固定线阵和旋转线阵直接定位GDOP
Figure 5. The GDOP of DPD using stationary array and rotating array
图 6 基于小生境粒子群优化和BFGS的直接定位代价函数优化过程示意图
Figure 6. The optimized process of DPD cost function based on RNTPSO and BFGS
图 2 The unitized contours of the cost functions based on ES, ML, MUSIC and MVDR (The stars stand for the real positions of the emitters)
表 1 直接定位技术总结表
Table 1. Conclusive table of DPD
信息类型 阵列 代价函数 优化方法 文献 精度 分辨率 自由度 计算复杂度 DOA/TDOA ULA ML ExS 文献[33] 中 低 低 高 FDOA ULA MUSIC ExS 文献[46,47] 中 中 低 中 TDOA/FDOA ULA ML ExS 文献[50—52] 中 低 低 高 DOA/ FDOA ULA ML ExS 文献[53] 中 低 低 高 DOA/TDOA ULA MVDR ExS 文献[89—93] 中 中 低 中 DOA ULA ES RNTPSO 文献[48] 中 高 低 低 DOA/TDOA MIMO ML ExS 文献[101,102] 高 高 低 高 FDOA MIMO ML ExS 文献[103] 高 高 低 高 TDOA/FDOA ULA ML(Coherent) ExS 文献[58] 高 中 低 高 TDOA/DOA ULA MUSIC(Coherent) ExS 文献[49] 高 高 高 高 Doppler Shift/Rate Antenna ML ExS 文献[87] 中 – – 高 DOA SA MUSIC ExS 文献[98—100] 低 中 高 高 DOA RLA MUSIC ExS 文献[88] 高 高 低 中 DOA ULA MUSIC AP 文献[106] 中 中 低 低 DOA/TDOA ULA ML EM 文献[45] 中 低 低 中 DOA/TDOA ULA ML DA 文献[52] 中 低 低 中 
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表 1 Conclusive table of DPD
Info type Array Cost function Optimization Reference Precision Resolution DoF Complexity DOA/TDOA ULA ML ExS [33] Mid Low Low High FDOA ULA MUSIC ExS [46,47] Mid Mid Low Mid TDOA/FDOA ULA ML ExS [50–52] Mid Low Low High DOA/FDOA ULA ML Exs [53] Mid Low Low High DOA/TDOA ULA MVDR ExS [89–93] Mid Mid Low Mid DOA ULA ES RNTPSO [48] Mid High Low Low DOA/TDOA MIMO ML ExS [101,102] High High Low High FDOA MIMO ML ExS [103] High High Low High TDOA/FDOA ULA ML(Coherent) ExS [58] High Mid Low High TDOA/DOA ULA MUSIC(Coherent) ExS [49] High High High High Doppler Shift/Rate Antenna ML ExS [87] Mid – – High DOA SA MUSIC ExS [98–100] Low Mid High High DOA RLA MUSIC ExS [88] High High Low Mid DOA ULA MUSIC AP [106] Mid Mid Low Low DOA/TDOA ULA ML EM [45] Mid Low Low Mid DOA/TDOA ULA ML DA [52] Mid Low Low Mid
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