双基地SAR成像处理方法综述

武俊杰; 杨建宇; 李中余; 蒲巍; 孙稚超; 安洪阳; 杨青

doi:10.12000/JR25067

双基地SAR成像处理方法综述

DOI: 10.12000/JR25067 CSTR: 32380.14.JR25067

电子科技大学成都 611731

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(62431008)

详细信息

作者简介:
武俊杰，博士，教授，主要研究方向为双/多基SAR、智能化雷达成像等

杨建宇，博士，教授，主要研究方向为前视雷达成像、双/多基SAR成像、新体制雷达探测与成像等

李中余，博士，教授，主要研究方向为双/多基SAR运动目标检测与成像、外辐射源雷达探测与成像等

蒲　巍，博士，教授，主要研究方向为智能化雷达成像、SAR运动补偿等

孙稚超，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为星源照射双多基SAR成像等

安洪阳，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为SAR成像与抗干扰等

杨　青，博士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为新体制雷达成像、SAR/ISAR成像等

通讯作者:
武俊杰 junjie_wu@uestc.edu.cn

责任主编：王岩 Corresponding Editor: WANG Yan
中图分类号: TN951
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-04-10
- 修回日期: 2025-09-07
- 网络出版日期: 2025-09-19
- 刊出日期: 2025-10-28

Review of Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Methods

University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (62431008)

More Information

Corresponding author: WU Junjie, junjie_wu@uestc.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 双基合成孔径雷达(SAR)采用收发平台分置的方式，能够实现复杂环境下对地海面场景和目标的高分辨成像，具有配置灵活、隐蔽性好、抗干扰能力强、获取目标信息丰富等优势，在高精度遥感测绘、隐蔽成像、精确打击等多个领域具备重要应用价值。成像处理是获得双基SAR高分辨图像的关键步骤，而双基SAR的回波模型、回波特性与传统单基SAR有显著的不同，需要对处于不同模式、不同构型下的双基SAR研究相应的成像处理方法。该文分别针对机载双基SAR、高速高机动平台双基SAR、星源异构双基SAR、星载同构双基SAR等典型模式，以及双基SAR运动补偿方法和运动目标成像等方面，分别阐述和分析了其中的关键问题，并梳理了国内外相关的解决思路和研究进展，最后对双基SAR成像处理技术的未来发展趋势进行展望。
- 双基合成孔径雷达 /
- 成像处理 /
- 运动补偿 /
- 高机动平台 /
- 动目标成像
Abstract: The bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) system, which employs spatially separated transmitting and receiving platforms, provides high-resolution imaging of terrestrial and maritime scenes and targets in complex environments. Its advantages include flexible configuration, strong concealment capabilities, high interference resistance, and comprehensive target information acquisition, making it valuable in high-precision remote sensing mapping, covert imaging, and precision strikes. Image processing is critical for obtaining high-resolution Bistatic SAR (BiSAR) images. However, the echo model and characteristics of BiSAR substantially differ from those of traditional monostatic SAR, necessitating specialized image processing methods tailored to various operational modes and configurations. This study examines key challenges and solutions for several BiSAR configurations, including airborne BiSAR, BiSAR with high-speed and highly maneuverable platforms, spaceborne heterogeneous BiSAR, and spaceborne homogeneous BiSAR. This study also addresses motion compensation approaches and moving target imaging in BiSAR systems, reviews relevant domestic and international research advancements, and provides an outlook on future trends in BiSAR image processing.
- Bistatic Synthetic Aperture Radar (BiSAR) /
- Imaging processing /
- Motion compensation /
- High maneuvering platform /
- Moving target imaging

HTML全文

图 1 双基SAR相关论文发表情况的不完全统计

Figure 1. Incomplete statistics on the publication of relevant papers of bistatic SAR

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图 2 双基SAR成像处理方法标签云

Figure 2. Tag cloud of bistatic synthetic aperture radar imaging methods

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图 3 本文组织结构图

Figure 3. Organizational chart of this paper

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图 4 机载双基SAR构型

Figure 4. Airborne bistatic SAR configuration

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图 5 德国宇航中心利用LBF谱和CS算法得到的双基SAR图像结果^[12]

Figure 5. BiSAR image results obtained by the DLR using LBF spectrum and CS algorithm^[12]

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图 6 面目标仿真结果对比示意图

Figure 6. Schematic diagram for comparison of scene target simulation results

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图 7 文献[34]方法实测数据成像结果

Figure 7. Imaging results of measured data in Ref. [34]

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图 8 文献[35]方法点目标仿真示意图

Figure 8. Schematic diagram of point target simulation method in Ref. [35]

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图 9 文献[35]方法实测数据成像结果

Figure 9. Imaging results of measured data in Ref. [35]

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图 10 常规ω-K点目标仿真示意图^[35]

Figure 10. Schematic of the conventional ω-K point target simulation^[35]

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图 11 常规ω-K实测数据成像结果^[35]

Figure 11. Imaging results of conventional ω-K measured data^[35]

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图 12 机载双基SAR成像结果(方位角从左至右递增)

Figure 12. Airborne bistatic SAR imaging result (increasing azimuth shown from left to right)

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图 13 机载双基前视SAR成像结果

Figure 13. Airborne bistatic forward-looking SAR imaging result

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图 14 机载双基SAR点目标仿真结果

Figure 14. Point targets simulation results of airborne bistatic SAR

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图 15 模拟自然场景重建结果

Figure 15. Simulated natural scene reconstructed

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图 16 高速机动平台对分布式目标成像结果

Figure 16. HMP-BFSAR imaging results of distributed targets

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图 17 面目标仿真完整图像对比

Figure 17. Simulated natural scene reconstructed

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图 18 局部面目标仿真完整图像对比

Figure 18. Local imaging results comparison

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图 19 地球同步轨道(Geosynchronous Orbit, GEO)双基SAR多通道重构前后成像结果对比图

Figure 19. Imaging results of simulated GEO-BiSAR data before and after multichannel reconstruction

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图 20 两步NLCS方法成像对比图

Figure 20. Comparison of imaging results by the reference method and the two-step NLCS method

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图 21 成像结果对比

Figure 21. Comparison of the imaging results for distributed imaging scene

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图 22 KAM映射方法原理图

Figure 22. Illustration of KAM

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图 23 星地双基SAR成像结果示意图

Figure 23. Imaging result of spaceborne bistatic SAR with fixed receiver

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图 24 星机双基SAR斜视45°成像结果

Figure 24. The imaging result of spaceborne-airborne bistatic SAR with 45° squinted angle

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图 25 星机双基SAR前视成像结果

Figure 25. The imaging result of spaceborne-airborne forward-looking bistatic SAR

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图 26 不同运动补偿方法的成像结果

Figure 26. Imaging results of different motion compensation methods

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图 27 补偿前后成像结果对比

Figure 27. Comparison of imaging results before and after compensation

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图 28 结合多子孔径MD算法的FFBP算法对(a) 场景1、(b) 场景2和(c) 场景3的成像结果和基于图像最大对比度的FFBP轨迹估计算法对(d) 场景1、(e) 场景2和(f) 场景3的成像结果

Figure 28. Imaging results of FFBP algorithm combined with multi-aperture MD algorithm in (a) Scenario 1, (b) Scenario 2 and (c) Scenario 3. Imaging results of FFBP trajectory estimation algorithm based on image maximum contrast in (d) Scenario 1, (e) Scenario 2 and (f) Scenario 3

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图 29 不同算法的成像结果对比

Figure 29. Comparison of imaging results with different algorithms

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图 30 地面非匀速运动目标聚焦成像前后结果对比

Figure 30. Comparison of imaging results before and after focusing on the ground uniform moving target

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图 31 地面非匀速运动目标聚焦成像前后结果对比

Figure 31. Comparison of imaging results before and after focusing on the ground non-uniform moving target

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图 32 双基前视SAR-GMTI聚焦图像(合作运动目标)

Figure 32. Focused images of bistatic forward-looking SAR-GMTI (cooperative moving target)

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图 33 双基前视SAR-GMTI聚焦图像(非合作运动目标)

Figure 33. Focused images of bistatic forward-looking SAR-GMTI (uncooperative moving target)

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图 34 成像效果对比图

Figure 34. Contrast diagram of imaging performance

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图 35 文献[139]所提方法

Figure 35. The proposed method in Ref. [139]

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图 36 不同方法成像结果图

Figure 36. Imaging results of different methods

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图 37 海面目标笛卡儿坐标系三维重建结果

Figure 37. 3-D reconstruction result of vessel target in LCC

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图 38 双基SAR海面运动目标成像结果

Figure 38. Imaging result of marine ship target of bistatic SAR

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表 1 双基典型的各类构型面临的主要问题以及相对应的主要处理方法的优缺点

Table 1. Key challenges associated with various configurations and comparative analysis of corresponding solution approaches

平台类型	主要问题	处理方法	优点	缺点
共性问题	频谱模型不精确	等效单基处理	原理简单，可应用单基算法	适应小双基角场景
		显式频谱模型	适应大双基角场景；可基于单基频域算法推导，物理意义清晰	推导难度大
		隐式频谱法	频谱计算精确	计算效率低
	通常会有二维空变	Keystone变换	可校正距离走动任意阶空变	仅适用于线性徙动
		非线性Chirp Scaling	校正高阶非线性徙动与多普勒参数空变，可以处理弯曲轨迹	参数计算复杂
		极坐标格式波数域映射	二维空变同时校正	无法处理高阶空变，适用于聚束模式
		ω-K二维stolt变换	二维空变同时校正，处理精度较高	频谱模型精度要求高
		时域方法	处理精度高，模式适应性强	处理效率低，对位置姿态测量精度要求高
		分块处理，块内忽略空变性	方法简单	处理精度差，存在分块痕迹
机载	运动误差大	利用航姿信息补偿轨迹偏移误差	无须估计误差参数	航姿信息需精准
		参数估计	计算效率高	无法处理高阶误差，精度低
		相位误差估计	原理简单，计算效率高	无法处理误差空变量，精度有限
		轨迹重建	可以解决二维空变	同时存在同步和运动误差时重建精度受限，效率低
		分块补偿	可解决同步和运动混合误差	存在分块痕迹，效率低
高速高机动平台	“停走停”假设失效	高精度传播时延模型	模型精度高，成像质量好	成像算法设计困难
高速高机动平台	平台存在加速度等高阶运动	通用化双基等效斜距模型	可考虑平台恒定加速运动，频谱模型精度高	加速度变化时精度差
星源异构	照射源重频低的情况下方位频谱混叠	多通道接收	聚焦效果较好，适应性强	系统复杂度高
星源异构	照射源重频低的情况下方位频谱混叠	稀疏重建	不需要对系统硬件进行改造	效率低、依赖先验

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