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摘要: 星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)以卫星等空间飞行器为运动平台，具有全天时、全天候、全球观测能力，已成为一种不可或缺的对地观测手段。当前，我国星载SAR已实现分辨率从米级到亚米级、系统体制从正侧视条带向方位扫描聚束、从单通道向多通道、极化方式从单一极化到全极化的技术跨越。随着技术的不断进步，未来星载SAR将在体制、概念、技术、模式等方面取得突破，包括高分辨率宽幅成像、多基地、轻小型化、智能化等，从而不断拓展星载SAR的观测维度，实现多维度信息获取。该文将围绕星载SAR的技术发展趋势展开论述。Abstract: Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), which can be mounted on space vehicles to collect information of the entire planet with all-day and all-weather imaging capacity, has been an indispensable device for earth observation. Currently, the technology of our spaceborne SAR has achieved a considerable technological improvement, including the resolution change from meter to submeter, the imaging mode from stripmap to azimuth beam steering like the sliding spotlight, the practical application of the multichannel approach and the conversion of single polarization into full polarization. With the development of SAR techniques, forthcoming SAR will make breakthroughs in SAR architectures, concepts, technologies and modes, for example, high-resolution wide-swath imaging, multistatic SAR, payload miniaturization and intelligence. All of these will extend the observation dimensions and obtain multidimensional data. This study focuses on the forthcoming development of spaceborne SAR.
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图 1 不同分辨率SAR图像对比(X波段，分辨率自左至右分别为0.1 m, 0.5 m和2.0 m，场景分别为电塔和农田，中国科学院空天信息创新研究院(下文简称AIR-CAS)航天微波遥感系统部供图)
Figure 1. SAR image comparison between different resolution (tower and farm at X band, the resolution are 0.1 m, 0.5 m and 2.0 m. Images are provided by the Department of Space Microwave Remote Sensing System, AIR-CAS)
图 2 不同分辨率下坦克的图像(图片数据来源美国Sandia国家实验室)
Figure 2. Tank at different resolution (Images are from the United States Sandia National Lab.)
图 3 传统体制SAR向新工作模式的发展
Figure 3. SAR development from the traditional mode to the new ones
图 5 高分三号SAR卫星超精细条带模式成像结果(数据由中国科学院空天信息创新研究院航天微波遥感系统部提供)
Figure 5. The ultra-fine strip mode imaging results of Gaofen-3 satellite (Images are provided by the Department of Space Microwave Remote Sensing System, AIR-CAS)
图 8 基于星载SAR模拟变PRF模式数据的成像结果
Figure 8. Imaging results based on simulated data with PRF variation of spaceborne SAR
图 9 大斜视聚束SAR成像几何，(a)和(b)分别展示了PRF固定和变化时的数据存储情况
Figure 9. The acquisition geometry of highly squint spotlight mode SAR
图 11 传统DBF-SAR系统处理框架
Figure 11. The traditional processing framework of DBF-SAR system
图 13 机载DBF-SAR成像结果(数据由中国科学院空天信息创新研究院航天微波遥感系统部提供)
Figure 13. The imaging results of single channel and 16-channels with DBF processing in elevation (Images are provided by the Department of Space Microwave Remote Sensing System, AIR-CAS)
图 16 多维正交波形概念示意图
Figure 16. The diagram of multidimensional orthogonal waveform encoding concept
图 17 星载SAR发展趋势与典型星载SAR系统/概念示意图
Figure 17. Illustration of spaceborne SAR development trend and typical spaceborne SAR systems/concepts
图 18 时间、相位、波束3同步问题
Figure 18. Three synchronization problems: time synchronization, phase synchronization and beam synchronization
图 19 双/多基SAR相位同步方法
Figure 19. The phase synchronization schemes for bistatic/multistatic SAR system
图 21 LT-1双基SAR系统与同步系统中的螺旋天线
Figure 21. The LT-1 bistatic SAR system and the applied quadrifilar helix antenna
图 26 多基距离多波束体制示意图
Figure 26. Multistatic synthetic aperture radar with multiple elevation beams
图 27 强距离模糊估计与消除流程
Figure 27. Procedure of the estimation and removal for the strong range ambiguities
图 28 强距离模糊估计与消除的面目标仿真结果
Figure 28. Simulation results for the estimation and removal of the strong range ambiguities with area target
图 30 多星协同成像系统示意图
Figure 30. Illustration of a multistatic cooperative SAR imaging system
图 32 SAOCOM-CS双星编队
Figure 32. Illustration of the SAOCOM-CS’s mission concept with two satellites in the formation
图 33 高分三号全极化条带1模式极化合成图像(中国科学院空天信息创新研究院航天微波遥感系统部供图)
Figure 33. Polarimetric synthesis image of GF-3 QPSI-1 mode (Images are provided by the Department of Space Microwave Remote Sensing System, AIR-CAS)
图 34 距离模糊抑制效果仿真
Figure 34. Distributed scene simulation for range ambiguity suppression demonstration
图 35 机载P波段混合极化SAR(圆极化发射/双线极化接收)极化分解图像：红色表示偶次散射，蓝色表示表面散射，绿色表示体散射(AIR-CAS供图)
Figure 35. Polarimetric decomposition image of airborne P-band hybrid polarimetric SAR (circularly polarized on transmit and dual-circularly polarized on receive) Red for double-bounce scattering, blue for single-bounce scattering and green for volume scattering (Image provided by AIR-CAS)
图 36 基于深度学习的全极化SAR分类(蓝色：水体，红色：建筑，绿色：植被)
Figure 36. Classification result of quad-polarimetric SAR image based on deep learning(blue for water; red for buildings and green for vegetation)
图 40 利用SAR数据对黄河三角洲区域进行长时间序列形变监测
Figure 40. Vertical deformation rates over the Yellow River Delta during the period of 2007–2010 obtained from ASAR (a), 2015–2018 obtained from S-1A (b) and 2016–2018 obtained from S-1B (c) datasets
图 41 利用高分三号数据获取的北京地区地面沉降速率图；右侧曲线给出A, B, C 3点沉降量
Figure 41. Linear deformation rates maps over Beijing using GF-3 SAR images. The curves show the deformation of area A, B and C
图 42 利用高分三号SAR数据对金沙江白格滑坡滑前形变进行监测
Figure 42. Deformation inversion of Baige landslide on Jinsha River before collapse using GF-3 SAR images
图 44 极化干涉七元素分解算法分解结果(数据来源：DLR机载L波段极化干涉SAR试验)
Figure 44. Seven-element decomposition result of PolInSAR image (data provided by DLR airborne L-band PolInSAR)
图 45 极化干涉分类结果(数据来源：DLR机载L波段极化干涉SAR试验)
Figure 45. Classification result of PolInSAR image (data provided by DLR airborne L-band PolInSAR)
图 47 小数据集三维重建结果对比
Figure 47. The comparison of 3D reconstruction results using small data stacks
图 51 高分三号SAR动目标检测结果展示
Figure 51. Demonstration of the moving target detection using Gaofen-3 data
图 53 不同体制收发时序对比图
Figure 53. The comparison of timing diagram between different systems
图 54 微型SAR系统组成框图(平板天线体制)
Figure 54. Block diagram of micro-SAR system (planar antenna system)
表 1 SAR图像分辨率与典型军事目标关系(m)
Table 1. The relationship between the resolution and typical military targets (m)
目标 发现 识别 确认 描述 雷达 3 0.9 0.3 0.15 无线通讯设施 3 1.5 0.3 0.15 部队单位或营地 3 3 1.2 0.3 机场设施 6 4.5 3 0.3 火炮兵器/火箭 0.9 0.6 0.15 0.05 飞机 4.5 1.5 0.9 0.15 司令部 3 1.5 0.9 0.15 导弹阵地 3 1.5 0.6 0.3 中小型船只 7.5 4.5 0.6 0.3 车辆 1.5 0.6 0.3 0.05 
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表 2 DEM指标划分标准(m)
Table 2. Index classification criteria of DEM(m)
空间分辨率 绝对高程精度 相对高程精度 HRTI-1 90 ×90 < 30 < 20 HRTI-2 30 ×30 < 18 < 12 HRTI-3 12 ×12 < 10 < 2 HRTI-4 6 ×6 < 5 < 0.8 HRE-4 4 ×4 < 5 < 0.8
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表 3 不同体制的优缺点对比
Table 3. Advantages and disadvantages comparison between different systems
信号体制 优点 缺点 传统脉冲体制 收发天线共用 占空比低，发射功率大 连续波体制 占空比～100%，峰值功率低 收发天线无法共用 间断连续波体制 占空比90～100%，结合脉冲与连续波的优势 回波信号部分缺失，需要估计重构
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