电磁涡旋雷达技术及应用

刘康; 刘红彦; 谭政宽; 李财品; 程永强; 王宏强

doi:10.12000/JR26154

电磁涡旋雷达技术及应用

DOI: 10.12000/JR26154 CSTR: 32380.14.JR26154

1.
国防科技大学电子科学学院长沙 410073
2.
中国空间技术研究院西安分院西安 710100

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(62401583, 62322122)

详细信息

作者简介:
刘　康，教授，主要研究方向为雷达超分辨成像、涡旋波雷达技术等

刘红彦，助理研究员，主要研究方向为雷达前视成像、涡旋波雷达技术等

谭政宽，博士生，主要研究方向为电磁涡旋雷达与阵列信号处理

李财品，研究员，主要研究方向为星载合成孔径雷达成像、雷达系统设计等

程永强，教授，主要研究方向为雷达目标检测、雷达前视成像技术等

王宏强，研究员，主要研究方向为太赫兹雷达与成像技术等

通讯作者:
刘红彦 Lhyan1993@126.com

责任主编：郭忠义 Corresponding Editor: GUO Zhongyi

中图分类号: TN95
计量
- 文章访问数:
- HTML全文浏览量:
- PDF下载量:
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-09-02

Electromagnetic Vortex Radar Technology and Applications

1.
College of Electronic Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
2.
China Academy Space Technology Xi’an Branch, Xi’an 710049, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (62401583, 62322122)

More Information

Corresponding author: LIU Hongyan, Lhyan1993@126.com

摘要

摘要: 电磁波信息传输与获取自由度的提升一直是雷达目标探测性能增强的物理基础，在传统时、空、频、极化调制外，携带有轨道角动量的涡旋电磁波为雷达目标探测提供了“波前”这一新的信息承载维度。该文首先介绍了电磁涡旋雷达进行目标探测与成像的原理，分析比较了其技术特点；接着，对电磁涡旋雷达波束调控与目标散射特性研究现状进行了对比总结；进一步，综述了电磁涡旋雷达重要应用方向的发展历程与研究进展，包括目标成像、旋转多普勒探测、探测干扰一体化、雷达系统，并着重对处理方法进行了梳理分类与特点分析。最后，展望涡旋电磁波在探测以及干扰方面的潜力，指出未来发展的重点方向及若干关键科学技术问题。
- 电磁涡旋雷达 /
- 涡旋电磁波 /
- 轨道角动量 /
- 探测干扰一体化 /
- 雷达前视成像
Abstract: Improvements in the information transmission and acquisition capabilities of electromagnetic (EM) waves generally provide the physical basis for enhancing radar target detection performance. Beyond conventional time, space, frequency, and polarization modulation schemes, vortex EM waves carrying orbital angular momentum enable radar target detection in a new information domain, i.e., the wavefront. In this paper, the principles of target detection and imaging using EM vortex radar are introduced, and its technical characteristics are analyzed. Subsequently, the beam manipulation and target scattering characteristics of EM vortex radar are overviewed. Furthermore, the historical development and recent advances in EM vortex radar applications are reviewed, including target imaging, rotational Doppler detection, integrated detection and jamming, and radar systems, with a focus on the corresponding signal processing approaches. Finally, the potential of vortex EM wave-based detection and jamming technologies is evaluated, and key application areas and several important scientific and technical challenges are discussed.
- Electromagnetic vortex radar /
- Vortex electromagnetic wave /
- Orbital Angular Momentum(OAM) /
- Integrated Detection and Jamming(IDJ) /
- Radar Forward-Looking Imaging

HTML全文

图 1 电磁涡旋雷达技术发展脉络图

Figure 1. Development of electromagnetic (EM) vortex radar technology

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 电磁涡旋雷达目标探测示意图^[23]

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of target detection by EM vortex radar^[23]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 旋转运动目标所在平面相位分布示意图^[20]

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of phase distribution on the plane of rotating moving target^[20]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 正负双模态涡旋电磁波辐射场测量结果

Figure 4. Measurement results of the radiation field of a positive–negative dual-mode vortex EM wave

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 线性波前调制辐射场电磁仿真结果^[49]

Figure 5. Electromagnetic simulation results of the radiation field with linear wavefront modulation^[49]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 涡旋电磁波照射坦克模型的ORCS 测量结果^[54]

Figure 6. ORCS measurement results of a tank model illuminated by vortex EM waves^[54]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 扩展目标成像结果^[61]

Figure 7. Imaging results of an extended target^[61]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 叠加态电磁涡旋雷达成像与实孔径雷达成像结果对比^[65]

Figure 8. Imaging comparison between superimposed-state EM vortex radar and real-aperture radar^[65]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 相对径向运动下电磁涡旋三维成像结果^[65]

Figure 9. Three-dimensional imaging results of EM vortex with relative radial motion^[65]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 分数阶轨道角动量波束斜入射对称体目标多普勒探测结果^[76]

Figure 10. Doppler detection results of a symmetric target under oblique incidence of a fractional-order OAM beam^[76]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 锥体运动目标多普勒探测结果^[83]

Figure 11. Doppler detection results of a cone-shaped moving target^[83]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 12 电磁涡旋雷达探测干扰一体化工作场景示意图

Figure 12. Schematic diagram of the integrated detection and jamming working scenario of EM vortex radar

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 13 分时多模态三维成像实验结果^[70]

Figure 13. Experimental results of time-division multi-mode 3D imaging^[70]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 14 涡旋电磁波合成孔径成像及对比^[90]

Figure 14. Comparison of vortex SAR and traditional SAR imaging results ^[90]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 15 多模态涡旋电磁波车载成像试验结果^[91]

Figure 15. Experimental results of multi-mode vortex EM wave vehicle-mounted imaging^[91]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 16 基于涡旋电磁波的目标位置估计实验结果^[92]

Figure 16. Experimental results of target position estimation based on vortex EM waves^[92]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 17 微波光子涡旋电磁波雷达系统及成像结果^[93]

Figure 17. Microwave photonic vortex EM wave radar system and imaging results^[93]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 18 光辅助宽带涡旋电磁波雷达原理样机及试验结果

Figure 18. Principle prototype and experimental results of an optically assisted broadband vortex EM wave radar

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 19 金属圆盘转速测量试验及结果^[72]

Figure 19. Experimental setup and results of rotational speed measurement of the circular metal plate^[72]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 20 自旋-轨道耦合的旋转多普勒探测系统及探测结果^[95]

Figure 20. Rotation Doppler detection system based on spin orbital coupling and its detection results^[95]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 典型的雷达前视成像原理与技术特点对比

Table 1. Comparison of typical radar forward-looking imaging principles and technical characteristics

雷达体制	成像原理	技术特点
单脉冲雷达	单脉冲测角	具有较高的测角精度、成像时间短；同一距离上多个目标难以分辨，易受角闪烁等影响
实孔径波束扫描雷达	波束宽度分辨	通常采用解卷积或空间谱估计方法，在理想情况下可以获得很高的分辨率；成像质量受天线方向图形状和旁瓣影响大，对回波信噪比要求高
微波关联成像雷达	目标散射回波与随机辐射场关联处理	源自量子成像概念，成像分辨率高；复杂目标成像结果不稳定，系统实现时对信号控制精度要求高
电磁涡旋雷达	轨道角动量模态与方位角间对偶关系	利用轨道角动量自由度，为目标方位信息获取提供了新的技术途径，成像实现简单；波束受贝塞尔函数调制，波束轴附近存在相位奇点，辐射能量发散

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 典型电磁涡旋雷达目标成像方法对比分析

Table 2. Comparative analysis of typical target imaging methods for EM vortex radar

	成像方法	所需OAM模态数	成像分辨能力	成像稳健性
二维成像	轨道角动量域谱估计	较多	方位分辨率依赖于可利用的OAM模态范围	抗噪声性能好
	计算成像类方法(稀疏贝叶斯、 OMP等)	少量	对简单目标能够实现高分辨率成像	对信噪比要求高
	学习类成像方法(深度卷积网络等)	少量	通常能够获得高分辨率图像	受训练数据集影响较大
三维成像	基于涡旋电磁波幅相特性的三维成像	较多	能够在静止场景下实现方位-俯仰-距离三维联合分辨	依赖于先验信息，对信噪比要求高
	结合阵列多基线观测的三维成像	适中	依靠天线阵列基线获取俯仰维信息，能够在静止场景下实现三维成像	抗噪声性能好，图像配准要求高
	结合相对径向运动的三维成像	适中	依靠相对径向运动构造虚拟阵列实现俯仰维分辨，能够实现三维高分辨成像	抗噪声性能好，运动非理想等影响成像质量

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(95)

[1]	王智霞. 基于轨道角动量的结构电磁波束的理论与实验研究[D]. [博士论文], 浙江大学, 2023. doi: 10.27461/d.cnki.gzjdx.2023.002939. WANG Zhixia. Theoretical and experimental research on structured radio beams based on orbital angular momentum[D]. [Ph.D. dissertation], Zhejiang University, 2023. doi: 10.27461/d.cnki.gzjdx.2023.002939.
[2]	郭桂蓉, 胡卫东, 杜小勇. 基于电磁涡旋的雷达目标成像[J]. 国防科技大学学报, 2013, 35(6): 71–76. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-2486.2013.06.013. GUO Guirong, HU Weidong, and DU Xiaoyong. Electromagnetic vortex based radar target imaging[J]. Journal of National University of Defense Technology, 2013, 35(6): 71–76. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-2486.2013.06.013.
[3]	LI Lianlin and LI Fang. Beating the Rayleigh limit: Orbital-angular-momentum-based super-resolution diffraction tomography[J]. Physical Review E, 2013, 88(3): 033205. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevE.88.033205.
[4]	LIU Kang, CHENG Yongqiang, YANG Zhaocheng, et al. Orbital-angular-momentum-based electromagnetic vortex imaging[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2015, 14: 711–714. doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2014.2376970.
[5]	LIN Hang, LIU Hongyan, CHENG Yongqiang, et al. Microwave coincidence imaging with phase-coded stochastic radiation field[J]. Remote Sensing, 2024, 16(20): 3851. doi: 10.3390/rs16203851.
[6]	KUANG Feng, LIU Kang, LIU Hongyan, et al. Object imaging method with electromagnetic wavefront modulation in forward-looking sight[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2024, 23(11): 3357–3361. doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2024.3456822.
[7]	LI Rui, LI Liulin, ZHOU Hongping, et al. OAM-radar imaging: A review[J]. Defence Technology, 2026, 61: 75–92. doi: 10.1016/j.dt.2025.11.021.
[8]	GAO Yuan, GUI Chengbo, JIANG Haibo, et al. Vortex electromagnetic imaging: A review[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2026, 26(18): 26972–27002. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2026.3718140.
[9]	QIU Song, LIU Tong, DING You, et al. Rotational Doppler effect with vortex beams: Fundamental mechanism and technical progress[J]. Frontiers in Physics, 2022, 10: 938593. doi: 10.3389/FPHY.2022.938593.
[10]	保铮, 邢孟道, 王彤. 雷达成像技术[M]. 北京: 电子工业出版社, 2005: 1–336. BAO Zheng, XING Mengdao, and WANG Tong. Radar Imaging Technology[M]. Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2005: 1–336.
[11]	吴迪, 朱岱寅, 朱兆达. 机载雷达单脉冲前视成像算法[J]. 中国图象图形学报, 2010, 15(3): 462–469. doi: 10.11834/jig.20100317. WU Di, ZHU Daiyin, and ZHU Zhaoda. Research on nomopulse forward-looking imaging algorithm for airborne radar[J]. Journal of Image and Graphics, 2010, 15(3): 462–469. doi: 10.11834/jig.20100317.
[12]	程永强, 王宏强, 曹凯程, 等. 微波关联成像研究进展及展望(特邀)[J]. 红外与激光工程, 2021, 50(12): 20210790. doi: 10.3788/IRLA20210790. CHENG Yongqiang, WANG Hongqiang, CAO Kaicheng, et al. Progress and prospect of microwave coincidence imaging (Invited)[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2021, 50(12): 20210790. doi: 10.3788/IRLA20210790.
[13]	杨建宇. 雷达对地成像技术多向演化趋势与规律分析[J]. 雷达学报, 2019, 8(6): 669–692. doi: 10.12000/JR19099. YANG Jianyu. Multi-directional evolution trend and law analysis of radar ground imaging technology[J]. Journal of Radars, 2019, 8(6): 669–692. doi: 10.12000/JR19099.
[14]	李悦丽, 马萌恩, 赵崇辉, 等. 基于单脉冲雷达和差通道多普勒估计的前视成像[J]. 雷达学报, 2021, 10(1): 131–142. doi: 10.12000/JR20111. LI Yueli, MA Meng’en, ZHAO Chonghui, et al. Forward-looking imaging via Doppler estimates of sum-difference measurements in scanning monopulse radar[J]. Journal of Radars, 2021, 10(1): 131–142. doi: 10.12000/JR20111.
[15]	ZHANG Yongchao, ZHANG Yin, LI Wenchao, et al. Super-resolution surface mapping for scanning radar: Inverse filtering based on the fast iterative adaptive approach[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2018, 56(1): 127–144. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2017.2743263.
[16]	周海飞. 基于时空随机辐射场的微波凝视成像新方法及其辐射源特性研究[D]. [硕士论文], 中国科学技术大学, 2011. doi: 10.7666/d.d141529. ZHOU Haifei. Research on a new method of microwave staring imaging based on spatial-temporal random radiation field and characteristics of random radiation source[D]. [Master dissertation], University of Science and Technology of China, 2011. doi: 10.7666/d.d141529.
[17]	李东泽. 雷达关联成像技术研究[D]. [博士论文], 国防科学技术大学, 2014. doi: 10.7666/d.D675547. LI Dongze. Radar coincidence imaging technique research[D]. [Ph.D. dissertation], National University of Defense Technology, 2014. doi: 10.7666/d.D675547.
[18]	ALLEN L, BEIJERSBERGEN M W, SPREEUW R J C, et al. Orbital angular momentum of light and the transformation of Laguerre-Gaussian laser modes[J]. Physical Review A, 1992, 45(11): 8185–8189. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.45.8185.
[19]	LAVERY M P J, SPEIRITS F C, BARNETT S M, et al. Detection of a spinning object using light’s orbital angular momentum[J]. Science, 2013, 341(6145): 537–540. doi: 10.1126/science.1239936.
[20]	周正龙. 基于涡旋电磁波的旋转多普勒检测方法研究[D]. [硕士论文], 国防科技大学, 2018. doi: 10.27052/d.cnki.gzjgu.2018.001282. ZHOU Zhenglong. Research on the detection method of rotational Doppler based on vortex electromagnetic wave[D]. [Master dissertation], National University of Defense Technology, 2018. doi: 10.27052/d.cnki.gzjgu.2018.001282.
[21]	王煜. 电磁涡旋微动目标参数估计技术研究[D]. [硕士论文], 国防科技大学, 2020. doi: 10.27052/d.cnki.gzjgu.2020.000854. WANG Yu. Study on the electromagnetic-vortex-based micro-motion target parameter estimation technology[D]. [Master dissertation], National University of Defense Technology, 2020. doi: 10.27052/d.cnki.gzjgu.2020.000854.
[22]	TAMBURINI F, MARI E, PARISI G, et al. Tripling the capacity of a point-to-point radio link by using electromagnetic vortices[J]. Radio Science, 2015, 50(6): 501–508. doi: 10.1002/2015RS005662.
[23]	刘康. 电磁涡旋成像理论与方法研究[D]. [博士论文], 国防科技大学, 2017. doi: 10.27052/d.cnki.gzjgu.2017.000128. LIU Kang. Study on the theory and method of electromagnetic vortex imaging[D]. [Ph.D. dissertation], National University of Defense Technology, 2017. doi: 10.27052/d.cnki.gzjgu.2017.000128.
[24]	曹凯程. 阵列雷达波前调制前视成像技术研究[D]. [博士论文], 国防科技大学, 2022. doi: 10.27052/d.cnki.gzjgu.2022.000091. CAO Kaicheng. Research on array radar forward-looking imaging technique based on wavefront-modulating[D]. [Ph.D. dissertation], National University of Defense Technology, 2022. doi: 10.27052/d.cnki.gzjgu.2022.000091.
[25]	PADGETT M and BOWMAN R. Tweezers with a twist[J]. Nature Photonics, 2011, 5(6): 343–348. doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2011.81.
[26]	PADGETT M J. Orbital angular momentum 25 years on [Invited][J]. Optics Express, 2017, 25(10): 11265–11274. doi: 10.1364/OE.25.011265.
[27]	TAMBURINI F, MARI E, THIDÉ B, et al. Experimental verification of photon angular momentum and vorticity with radio techniques[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2011, 99(20): 204102. doi: 10.1063/1.3659466.
[28]	张超, 王元赫, 姜学峰. 涡旋微波量子雷达[J]. 雷达学报, 2021, 10(5): 749–759. doi: 10.12000/JR21095. ZHANG Chao, WANG Yuanhe, and JIANG Xuefeng. Quantum radar with vortex microwave photons[J]. Journal of Radars, 2021, 10(5): 749–759. doi: 10.12000/JR21095.
[29]	张超, 王元赫. 涡旋电磁波轨道角动量传输的量子电动力学分析[J]. 中国科学: 信息科学, 2023, 53(3): 566–584. doi: 10.1360/SSI-2021-0066. ZHANG Chao and WANG Yuanhe. Quantum electro-dynamics analysis of vortex electro-magnetic wave transmission with orbital angular momentum[J]. Scientia Sinica Informationis, 2023, 53(3): 566–584. doi: 10.1360/SSI-2021-0066.
[30]	SHA Wei, LAN Zhihao, CHEN Menglin, et al. Spin and orbital angular momenta of electromagnetic waves: From classical to quantum forms[J]. IEEE Journal on Multiscale and Multiphysics Computational Techniques, 2024, 9: 113–117. doi: 10.1109/JMMCT.2024.3370729.
[31]	YUAN Yueyi, ZHOU Wenjie, WANG Ruogu, et al. Non-orthogonal metasurfaces for channel-locked spin-orbital transitions[J]. Advanced Photonics, 2025, 7(5): 056009. doi: 10.1117/1.ap.7.5.056009.
[32]	ZHANG Chao, JIANG Xuefeng, WANG Zheyuan, et al. Orbital angular momentum detection device for vortex microwave photons[J]. Communications Engineering, 2023, 2(1): 11. doi: 10.1038/s44172-023-00056-5.
[33]	TURNBULL G A, ROBERTSON D A, SMITH G M, et al. The generation of free-space Laguerre-Gaussian modes at millimetre-wave frequencies by use of a spiral phaseplate[J]. Optics Communications, 1996, 127(4/6): 183–188. doi: 10.1016/0030-4018(96)00070-3.
[34]	TAMBURINI F, MARI E, SPONSELLI A, et al. Encoding many channels on the same frequency through radio vorticity: First experimental test[J]. New Journal of Physics, 2012, 14(3): 033001. doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/14/3/033001.
[35]	THIDÉ B, THEN H, SJÖHOLM J, et al. Utilization of photon orbital angular momentum in the low-frequency radio domain[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2007, 99(8): 087701. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.087701.
[36]	CHEN Menglin, JIANG Lijun, and SHA Wei. Orbital angular momentum generation and detection by geometric-phase based metasurfaces[J]. Applied Sciences, 2018, 8(3): 362. doi: 10.3390/app8030362.
[37]	HUANG Huifen and LI Shuainan. High-efficiency planar reflectarray with small-size for OAM generation at microwave range[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2019, 18(3): 432–436. doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2019.2893321.
[38]	WANG He, LI Yongfeng, HAN Yajuan, et al. Vortex beam generated by circular-polarized metasurface reflector antenna[J]. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 2019, 52(25): 255306. doi: 10.1088/1361-6463/ab1742.
[39]	YU Li, LI Xiuping, QI Zihang, et al. Wideband circularly polarized high-order Bessel beam reflectarray design using multiple-ring-cascade elements[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2020, 19(7): 1226–1230. doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2020.2995936.
[40]	XUE Hao, HAN Jiaqi, ZHANG Song, et al. Co-modulation of spin angular momentum and high-order orbital angular momentum based on anisotropic holographic metasurfaces[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2023, 71(5): 4594–4599. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2023.3243795.
[41]	LIU Kang, CHENG Yongqiang, WANG Hongqiang, et al. Radiation pattern synthesis for the generation of vortex electromagnetic wave[J]. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, 2017, 11(5): 685–694. doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2016.0681.
[42]	GAO Xinlu, HUANG Shanguo, WEI Yongfeng, et al. An orbital angular momentum radio communication system optimized by intensity controlled masks effectively: Theoretical design and experimental verification[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2014, 105(24): 241109. doi: 10.1063/1.4904090.
[43]	LIU Hongyan, LIU Kang, CHENG Yongqiang, et al. Microwave vortex imaging based on dual coupled OAM beams[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2020, 20(2): 806–815. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2019.2943698.
[44]	LIANG Jia, CHEN Yijun, ZHANG Qun, et al. Three-dimensional imaging of vortex electromagnetic wave radar with integer and fractional order OAM modes[J]. Remote Sensing, 2023, 15(11): 2903. doi: 10.3390/rs15112903.
[45]	LIU Hongyan, WANG Yu, WANG Jianqiu, et al. Electromagnetic vortex enhanced imaging using fractional OAM beams[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2021, 20(6): 948–952. doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2021.3067914.
[46]	YU Shixing, LI Long, SHI Guangming, et al. Generating multiple orbital angular momentum vortex beams using a metasurface in radio frequency domain[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2016, 108(24): 241901. doi: 10.1063/1.4953786.
[47]	李国强, 施宏宇, 刘康, 等. 基于超表面的多波束多模态太赫兹涡旋波产生[J]. 物理学报, 2021, 70(18): 188701. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20210897. LI Guoqiang, SHI Hongyu, LIU Kang, et al. Multi-beam multi-mode vortex beams generation based on metasurface in terahertz band[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2021, 70(18): 188701. doi: 10.7498/aps.70.20210897.
[48]	ZHONG Yiming, ZHANG Yi, YU Yiwen, et al. Forward-looking imaging based on the linear wavefront of the modulated field[J]. Electronics, 2022, 11(13): 2083. doi: 10.3390/electronics11132083.
[49]	杨阳, 刘康, 程永强, 等. 基于线性波前调制的雷达前视三维成像方法研究[J]. 雷达学报(中英文), 2026, 待出版. doi: 10.12000/JR25214. YANG Yang, LIU Kang, CHENG Yongqiang, et al. Development of a radar forward-looking three-dimensional imaging method based on linear wavefront modulation[J]. Journal of Radars, 2026, in press. doi: 10.12000/JR25214.
[50]	MITRI F G. Electromagnetic wave scattering of a high-order Bessel vortex beam by a dielectric sphere[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2011, 59(11): 4375–4379. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2011.2164228.
[51]	LIU Kang, GAO Yue, LI Xiang, et al. Target scattering characteristics for OAM-based radar[J]. AIP Advances, 2018, 8(2): 025002. doi: 10.1063/1.5018833.
[52]	BU Xiangxi, ZHANG Zhuo, LIANG Xingdong, et al. Scattering characteristics of vortex electromagnetic waves for typical targets[C]. 2018 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, Kyoto, Japan, 2018: 648–650. doi: 10.23919/APMC.2018.8617374.
[53]	ZHANG Chao, CHEN Dong, and JIANG Xuefeng. RCS diversity of electromagnetic wave carrying orbital angular momentum[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7: 15412. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-15250-7.
[54]	郭策. 基于SF-FDTD的涡旋电磁波散射特性仿真与实验研究[D]. [硕士论文], 西安电子科技大学, 2023. doi: 10.27389/d.cnki.gxadu.2023.002408. GUO Ce. Simulation and experimental study on the scattering characteristics of vortex electromagnetic waves based on scattered-field FDTD[D]. [Master dissertation], Xidian University, 2023. doi: 10.27389/d.cnki.gxadu.2023.002408.
[55]	TANG Bo, BAI Jian, and SHENG Xinqing. Orbital-angular-momentum-carrying wave scattering by the chaff clouds[J]. IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, 2018, 12(6): 649–653. doi: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2017.0502.
[56]	YAO Yu, LIANG Xianling, ZHU Maohua, et al. Analysis and experiments on reflection and refraction of orbital angular momentum waves[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2019, 67(4): 2085–2094. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2019.2896760.
[57]	LIN Mingtuan, GAO Yue, LIU Peiguo, et al. Super-resolution orbital angular momentum based radar targets detection[J]. Electronics Letters, 2016, 52(13): 1168–1170. doi: 10.1049/el.2016.0237.
[58]	WANG Siyuan, QU Yi, CHEN Yijun, et al. Three-dimensional interferometric imaging with vortex electromagnetic wave radar based on uniform circular array[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2024, 24(20): 32858–32870. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2024.3453869.
[59]	ZHAO Hao and WANG Kaizhi. Orbital-angular-momentum-based radar imaging by dice regularized orthogonal matching pursuit[C]. 2020 IEEE 5th International Conference on Signal and Image Processing, Nanjing, China, 2020: 446–450. doi: 10.1109/ICSIP49896.2020.9339258.
[60]	QU Haiyou, LI Shiyuan, CHEN Chang, et al. High-resolution orbital angular momentum imaging with the removal of Bessel function modulation effect[J]. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2024, 72(4): 2577–2590. doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2023.3314107.
[61]	LIU Kang, WANG Jianqiu, CAO Kaicheng, et al. Electromagnetic vortex radar super-resolution imaging based on deep convolutional network[C]. 2022 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT), Harbin, China, 2022: 1–3. doi: 10.1109/ICMMT55580.2022.10022576.
[62]	GAN Fengjiao, YUAN Ziyang, LUO Chenggao, et al. Phaseless terahertz coded-aperture imaging based on deep generative neural network[J]. Remote Sensing, 2021, 13(4): 671. doi: 10.3390/rs13040671.
[63]	GAN Fengjiao, LUO Chenggao, WANG Hongqiang, et al. Robust compressive terahertz coded aperture imaging using deep priors[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, 2022, 19: 3511205. doi: 10.1109/LGRS.2022.3150921.
[64]	GUO Shaoqing, HE Zi, and CHEN Rushan. High resolution 2-D electromagnetic vortex imaging using uniform circular arrays[J]. IEEE Access, 2019, 7: 132430–132437. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2941285.
[65]	刘康, 刘红彦, 程永强, 等. 涡旋波雷达超分辨成像技术[M]. 北京: 电子工业出版社, 2026: 1–229. LIU Kang, LIU Hongyan, CHENG Yongqiang, et al. Vortex Wave Radar Super-Resolution Imaging Technology[M]. Beijing: Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2026: 1–229.
[66]	LI Ruiming, HU Haoquan, LEI Shiwen, et al. Elevation imaging based on vortex electromagnetic wave[C]. 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Atlanta, USA, 2019: 827–828. doi: 10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2019.8888300.
[67]	LIANG Jia, ZHANG Qun, LUO Ying, et al. Three-dimensional imaging with bistatic vortex electromagnetic wave radar[J]. Remote Sensing, 2022, 14(13): 2972. doi: 10.3390/rs14132972.
[68]	LIU Kang, LIU Hongyan, LI Shuangxun, et al. Three-dimensional object imaging with vortex wave tomography[J]. Optics Express, 2025, 33(10): 20798–20806. doi: 10.1364/OE.563860.
[69]	WANG Jianqiu, LIU Kang, WANG Yu, et al. A novel forward-looking target reconstruction method with electromagnetic vortex interferometry[J]. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2023, 71(12): 5428–5444. doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2023.3278947.
[70]	潘浩然, 马晖, 胡敦法, 等. 基于涡旋电磁波新体制的雷达前视三维成像[J]. 雷达学报(中英文), 2024, 13(5): 1109–1122. doi: 10.12000/JR24123. PAN Haoran, MA Hui, HU Dunfa, et al. Novel forward-looking three-dimensional imaging based on vortex electromagnetic wave radar[J]. Journal of Radars, 2024, 13(5): 1109–1122. doi: 10.12000/JR24123.
[71]	WANG Jianqiu, LIU Kang, LIU Qingping, et al. Azimuth improved radar imaging with virtual array in the forward-looking sight[J]. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2022, 9(19): 18867–18879. doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2022.3163163.
[72]	ZHAO Mingyang, GAO Xinlu, XIE Mutong, et al. Measurement of the rotational Doppler frequency shift of a spinning object using a radio frequency orbital angular momentum beam[J]. Optics Letters, 2016, 41(11): 2549–2552. doi: 10.1364/OL.41.002549.
[73]	LIU Kang, LI Xiang, GAO Yue, et al. Microwave imaging of spinning object using orbital angular momentum[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2017, 122(12): 124903. doi: 10.1063/1.4991655.
[74]	郭忠义, 汪彦哲, 王运来, 等. 涡旋电磁波旋转多普勒效应研究进展[J]. 雷达学报, 2021, 10(5): 725–739. doi: 10.12000/JR21109. GUO Zhongyi, WANG Yanzhe, WANG Yunlai, et al. Research advances on the rotational Doppler effect of vortex electromagnetic waves[J]. Journal of Radars, 2021, 10(5): 725–739. doi: 10.12000/JR21109.
[75]	ZHANG Lingling, ZHU Yongzhong, CHEN Yijun, et al. Parameter extraction of accelerated moving targets under non-quasi-axial incidence conditions based on vortex electromagnetic wave radar[J]. Remote Sensing, 2024, 16(11): 1931. doi: 10.3390/rs16111931.
[76]	印必还, 何姿, 丁大志. 基于旋转多普勒效应的自旋目标转速估计方法[J]. 物理学报, 2023, 72(17): 174203. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20230807. YIN Bihuan, HE Zi, and DING Dazhi. Rotating speed estimation of spinning objects based on rotational Doppler effect[J]. Acta Physica Sinica, 2023, 72(17): 174203. doi: 10.7498/aps.72.20230807.
[77]	BROUSSEAU C, MAHDJOUBI K, and EMILE O. Measurement of the rotational sense and velocity of an object using OAM wave in the radio-frequency band[J]. Electronics Letters, 2019, 55(12): 709–711. doi: 10.1049/el.2019.0942.
[78]	ZHENG Jiayu, ZHENG Shilie, SHAO Zhenlei, et al. Analysis of rotational Doppler effect based on radio waves carrying orbital angular momentum[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2018, 124(16): 164907. doi: 10.1063/1.5050448.
[79]	WANG Yu, LIU Kang, LIU Hongyan, et al. Detection of rotational object in arbitrary position using vortex electromagnetic waves[J]. IEEE Sensors Journal, 2021, 21(4): 4989–4994. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2020.3032665.
[80]	谭政宽, 刘康, 杨阳, 等. 基于单模态涡旋电磁波的平动旋转复合运动目标参数估计[J]. 雷达学报(中英文), 2026, 待出版. doi: 10.12000/JR25266. TAN Zhengkuan, LIU Kang, YANG Yang, et al. Parameter estimation of a moving target with combined translational and rotational motion based on single mode vortex electromagnetic waves[J]. Journal of Radars, 2026, in press. doi: 10.12000/JR25266.
[81]	罗迎, 袁航, 袁延鑫. 单频涡旋电磁波雷达旋转目标微动参数提取方法[J]. 信号处理, 2023, 39(9): 1587–1595. doi: 10.16798/j.issn.1003-0530.2023.09.005. LUO Ying, YUAN Hang, and YUAN Yanxin. A method for micro-motion parameters extraction of rotating targets based on single-frequency vortex electromagnetic wave radar[J]. Journal of Signal Processing, 2023, 39(9): 1587–1595. doi: 10.16798/j.issn.1003-0530.2023.09.005.
[82]	袁航, 何其芳, 罗迎, 等. 涡旋电磁波雷达平动旋转目标三维微动参数提取方法[J]. 雷达学报, 2023, 12(4): 804–816. doi: 10.12000/JR23065. YUAN Hang, HE Qifang, LUO Ying, et al. Three-dimensional micro-motion parameters extraction of translational rotating targets based on vortex electromagnetic wave radar[J]. Journal of Radars, 2023, 12(4): 804–816. doi: 10.12000/JR23065.
[83]	王煜, 刘康, 王建秋, 等. 涡旋电磁波雷达锥体目标旋转多普勒探测[J]. 雷达学报, 2021, 10(5): 740–748. doi: 10.12000/JR21074. WANG Yu, LIU Kang, WANG Jianqiu, et al. Rotational Doppler detection of a cone-shaped target under the illumination of a vortex electromagnetic wave[J]. Journal of Radars, 2021, 10(5): 740–748. doi: 10.12000/JR21074.
[84]	许强. 基于涡旋电磁波的旋翼目标探测及识别技术[D]. [硕士论文], 桂林电子科技大学, 2022. doi: 10.27049/d.cnki.ggldc.2022.000251. XU Qiang. Rotor target detection and recognition technology based on vortical electromagnetic waves[D]. [Master dissertation], Guilin University of Electronic Technology, 2022. doi: 10.27049/d.cnki.ggldc.2022.000251.
[85]	YUAN Hang, LUO Ying, CHEN Yijun, et al. Micro-motion parameter extraction of rotating target based on vortex electromagnetic wave radar[J]. IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, 2021, 15(12): 1594–1606. doi: 10.1049/rsn2.12149.
[86]	YANG Jing, YU Xianxiang, WANG Fasong, et al. Transceiver design for MIMO integrated radar and jamming system against signal-dependent interference[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2026, 62: 3904–3915. doi: 10.1109/TAES.2026.3651421.
[87]	刘天鹏, 魏玺章, 刘振, 等. 交叉眼干扰研究综述[J]. 雷达学报, 2019, 8(1): 140–153. doi: 10.12000/JR19013. LIU Tianpeng, WEI Xizhang, LIU Zhen, et al. Overview of cross-eye jamming research[J]. Journal of Radars, 2019, 8(1): 140–153. doi: 10.12000/JR19013.
[88]	中国电子科技集团公司第三十六研究所. 单模态涡旋电磁波对干涉仪测向系统干扰效果的测试方法[P]. 中国, 117250580A, 2023. The 36th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation. Method for testing interference effect of single-mode vortex electromagnetic waves on interferometer direction-finding system[P]. CN, 117250580A, 2023.
[89]	中国电子科技集团公司第三十六研究所. 基于高阶混合模态涡旋电磁波的干扰系统及其测试系统[P]. 中国, 117527134A, 2024. The 36th Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation. Interference system based on high-order mixed mode vortex electromagnetic waves and test system thereof[P]. CN, 117527134A, 2024.
[90]	BU Xiangxi, ZHANG Zhuo, CHEN Longyong, et al. Implementation of vortex electromagnetic waves high-resolution synthetic aperture radar imaging[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2018, 17(5): 764–767. doi: 10.1109/LAWP.2018.2814980.
[91]	LI Caipin, TAN Xiaomin, ZHU Shitao, et al. The aggregated electromagnetic vortex wave and multi-modal imaging experiment[J]. Sensors, 2025, 25(21): 6578. doi: 10.3390/s25216578.
[92]	TAN Zhengkuan, LIU Kang, LIU Hongyan, et al. Object location estimation method with radar transmitting vortex electromagnetic wave[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2025, 73(12): 10748–10756. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2025.3611297.
[93]	SUN Guanqun, ZHANG Fangzheng, YU Xiaoyue, et al. Photonics-based broadband single-input-multiple-output-OAM coincidence imaging[J]. IEEE Transactions on Radar Systems, 2024, 2: 690–698. doi: 10.1109/TRS.2024.3418461.
[94]	齐鹏远, 李蝶, 朱士涛, 等. 面向雷达探测应用的多模态低耦合OAM阵列优化设计方法[J]. 雷达学报(中英文), 2026, 待出版. QI Pengyuan, LI Die, ZHU Shitao, et al. Optimized design method for multimodal low-coupling orbital angular momentum arrays for radar detection applications[J]. Journal of Radars, 2026, in press. doi: 10.12000/JR25234.
[95]	LI Bo, FU Shiqiang, LAN Hai, et al. Spin orbital coupling enabled rotational Doppler effect for enhanced object detections[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2025, 74: 8506008. doi: 10.1109/TIM.2025.3556211.