HEAD-1.0：星载混合极化成像雷达评估与分析数据集

刘力志; 王宇; 陆萍萍; 蔡永华; 孟听雨; 李博; 赵飞; 黄理杰; 李亮; 王爱春

doi:10.12000/JR25183

HEAD-1.0：星载混合极化成像雷达评估与分析数据集

DOI: 10.12000/JR25183 CSTR: 32380.14.JR25183

刘力志^{1, 2},
王宇^{1, 2, ,},
陆萍萍^{1, 2},
蔡永华²,
孟听雨^{1, 2},
李博^{1, 2},
赵飞^{1, 2},
黄理杰^{1, 2},
李亮^{1, 2},
王爱春³

1.
中国科学院空天信息创新研究院微波成像全国重点实验室北京 100190
2.
中国科学院大学电子电气与通信工程学院北京 100049
3.
中国资源卫星应用中心北京 100094

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(62495030, 62421001)

详细信息

作者简介:
刘力志，博士生，主要研究方向为混合极化SAR系统定标与地物表征能力评估

王　宇，博士，研究员，主要研究方向为新体制航天成像雷达系统技术、微波雷达遥感图像处理和深空微波探测

陆萍萍，博士，研究员，主要研究方向为SAR智能对抗和深空探测

蔡永华，博士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为分布式SAR同步与成像处理

孟听雨，博士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为微波遥感散射建模与月球应用

李　博，博士，主要研究方向为新体制星载SAR系统设计及信号处理

赵　飞，博士生，主要研究方向为月球合成孔径雷达遥感探测方法

黄理杰，博士生，主要研究方向为SAR信号处理与智能对抗

李　亮，博士，研究员，主要研究方向为新体制SAR定标技术和SAR对抗干扰技术

王爱春，博士，工程师，主要研究方向为多基线干涉SAR处理方法及应用

通讯作者:
王宇 yuwang@mail.ie.ac.cn

责任主编：殷君君 Corresponding Editor: YIN Junjun

中图分类号: TN957.52
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-09-19
- 修回日期: 2025-11-24

HEAD-1.0: Spaceborne Hybrid-polarimetric SAR Evaluation and Analysis Dataset

LIU Lizhi^{1, 2},
WANG Robert^{1, 2
, ,},
LU Pingping^{1, 2},
CAI Yonghua²,
MENG Tingyu^{1, 2},
LI Bo^{1, 2},
ZHAO Fei^{1, 2},
HUANG Lijie^{1, 2},
LI Liang^{1, 2},
WANG Aichun³

1.
National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2.
School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
China Center for Resources Satellite Data and Application, Beijing 100094, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (62495030, 62421001)

More Information

Corresponding author: WANG Robert, yuwang@mail.ie.ac.cn

摘要

摘要: 星载混合极化合成孔径雷达(HP-SAR)作为一种兼顾丰富极化信息获取与高性能成像的体制，具有系统复杂度低、数据获取成本小等优势，已成为多维度微波成像遥感的热点方向。陆地探测一号(LT-1)是我国首颗具备星载混合极化成像能力的雷达卫星，同时也是国际上首颗实现多通道混合极化成像雷达体制的卫星。该研究基于LT-1卫星HP影像，构建并系统阐释了星载HP-SAR评估与分析数据集(HEAD-1.0)，填补了高质量开源HP数据集的空白，旨在为HP-SAR影像质量的定量评估、HP-SAR技术的发展及下一代卫星任务设计提供数据保障，尤其支持陆地、海洋与深空等领域的新观测技术发展。该数据集涵盖3部分：(1) LT-1 SAR影像，包含30景混合极化与16景全极化影像，覆盖面积约60000 km²；(2) 辅助数据，包括6景光学遥感影像与SAR影像同区域DEM数据；(3) 标注数据，包括28个有源/无源定标器、约17 km²地物分类与23个多边形/线形类行星场景的标注。基于HEAD-1.0，该文初步开展了混合极化SAR定标、混合极化/全极化地物分类能力对比及类行星地貌混合极化特征分析等相关工作的定性与定量研究。后续将通过协同多平台、融合多波段、多角度和多时相的成像数据，进一步构建国际先进的极化SAR遥感基准数据库，重点支撑行星表面与次表层探测、多源遥感数据智能融合、SAR影像智能解译算法等关键技术的创新研究。
- 混合极化合成孔径雷达 /
- 公开数据集 /
- 极化定标 /
- 地物分类 /
- 类行星场景
Abstract: The spaceborne Hybrid-Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (HP-SAR) balances the acquisition of rich polarimetric information with high-performance imaging. It offers advantages such as low system complexity and reduced data acquisition costs, and has emerged as a prominent direction in multidimensional microwave remote sensing. LT-1 is China’s first radar satellite equipped with spaceborne HP imaging capability, and it is also the world’s first satellite to implement a multi-channel HP radar system. This study utilizes HP imagery from the LT-1 satellite to construct and systematically elaborate the HP-SAR Evaluation and Analytical Dataset (HEAD-1.0), thereby addressing the lack of high-quality open-source HP datasets. HEAD-1.0 aims to provide data support for the quantitative assessment of HP-SAR image quality, the development of HP-SAR technology, and the design of new satellite missions, with particular emphasis on supporting novel observational technologies for terrestrial, oceanic, and deep-space applications. It comprises three components: (1) LT-1 SAR imagery, including 30 HP-SAR images and 16 Quad-Polarimetric SAR (QP-SAR) images, covering an area of approximately 60,000 km²; (2) auxiliary data, including six optical images and digital elevation model data in the same area as SAR images; and (3) annotation data, including 28 active/passive calibrators, approximately 17 km² of land cover classification, and 23 polygonal/linear annotated planetary analog scenes. Based on HEAD-1.0, a preliminary qualitative and quantitative study was conducted, involving HP-SAR calibration, a comparison of terrain classification between HP-SAR and QP-SAR, and an analysis of HP characterizations of planetary analog scenes. In the future, an internationally advanced polarimetric SAR benchmark database will be constructed by integrating multi-platform, multi-band, multi-angle, and multi-temporal imaging data. In particular, the future study will focus on supporting innovative research on key technologies, including planetary surface and subsurface exploration, intelligent fusion of multisource remote sensing data, and advanced interpretation algorithms for SAR imagery.
- Hybrid Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (HP-SAR) /
- Public dataset /
- Polarimetric calibration /
- Terrian classification /
- Planetary analog scene

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图 1 HEAD-1.0研究区概览图

Figure 1. Overview map of the HEAD-1.0 study area

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图 2 不同地区地表覆盖类型

Figure 2. Land cover types in different regions

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图 3 LT-1 SAR数据处理流程图

Figure 3. Flowchart of LT-1 SAR data preprocessing

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图 4 HEAD-1.0局部放大影像示例

Figure 4. Example of locally enlarged HEAD-1.0 imagery

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图 5 彩色编码的GSLC图像示例

Figure 5. Examples of color-coded GSLC images

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图 6 辅助数据样例

Figure 6. Examples of auxiliary data

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图 7 定标器实物图

Figure 7. Photographs of calibrators

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图 8 定标器分布示意图

Figure 8. Schematic of calibrator distribution

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图 9 地物分类标注数据

Figure 9. Land cover classification annotation data

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图 10 类行星地面标注样例

Figure 10. Examples of planetary analog landform annotations

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图 11 EMLA估计的电离层参数分布图

Figure 11. EMLA-estimated distribution of ionospheric parameters

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图 12 新疆哈密地区SAR影像

Figure 12. SAR imagery over Hami, Xinjiang

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图 13 新疆哈密地区GRWpMM地物分类结果

Figure 13. Land cover classification results of GRWpMM for the Hami region, Xinjiang

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图 14 代表性类行星地貌场景。1：冲积扇(94.41°E, 45.16°N)，2：多边形表面结构(94.45°E, 45.14°N)，3：横向风成脊(93.44°E, 42.14°N)，4：谷网(93.49°E, 42.08°N)，5：新月形沙丘链(93.09°E, 41.30°N)

Figure 14. Representative terrestrial analogue sites of Martan landforms. 1: Alluvial fans (94.41°E, 45.16°N), 2: Polygonal surface structure (94.45°E, 45.14°N), 3: Transverse aeolian ridges (93.44°E, 42.14°N), 4: valley networks (93.49°E, 42.08°N), 5: Barchan dune chains (93.09°E, 41.30°N)

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图 15 不同地貌的m–χ分解功率占比(P_d,P_v,P_s，对应左轴)及总功率(Span)分布(对应右轴)

Figure 15. Power contributions from m–χ decomposition (P_d, P_v, P_s, left axis) and span distributions (right axis) for different landforms

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图 16 不同地貌的灰度共生矩阵：第一行的相位位移矢量为[0 1]和[0 −1]，第二行的相位位移矢量为[−1 1]和[1 −1]，其中C1表示Contrast，C2表示Correlation，E表示Energy，H表示Homogeneity

Figure 16. Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrices of different landforms: the offset vectors in the first row are [0 1] and [0 −1], and those in the second row are [−1 1] and [1 −1], where C1 denotes Contrast, C2 denotes Correlation, E denotes Energy, and H denotes Homogeneity

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图 17 HEAD-1.0：星载混合极化成像雷达评估与分析数据集

Figure 17. HEAD-1.0: Spaceborne hybrid-polarimetric SAR evaluation and analysis dataset

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表 1 HEAD-1.0总览

Table 1. Overview of the HEAD-1.0

数据类型		数据来源	覆盖区域	数据量	数据用途	备注
SAR 影像	混合极化(HP)	LT-1	新疆地区、内蒙古苏尼特地区、太行山及其南麓	30景，覆盖面积约6万km²	主数据源，用于HP成像、地物分类、极化定标、类行星模拟	核心数据，覆盖范围最广
SAR 影像	全极化(QP)	LT-1	新疆地区、太行山及其南麓	16景，覆盖面积约2万km²	极化对比数据，用于极化信息评估与极化定标	覆盖范围小于HP数据
辅助数据	光学数据	资源一号、高分二号	新疆地区	6景	辅助目视解译、提供光谱信息、配准基准	资源一号全色影像分辨率2.5 m、多光谱影像分辨率10 m；高分二号全色影像分辨率1 m、多光谱影像分辨率4 m
辅助数据	DEM数据	SRTM	新疆地区、内蒙古苏尼特地区、太行山及其南麓	与SAR影像匹配	地形校正、坡度坡向分析、辅助分类	空间分辨率1弧秒(约30 m)
标注数据	定标器数据	地面测量	新疆地区、内蒙古苏尼特地区	28个点位	SAR极化定标与验证	包含有源定标器和无源三面角反射器的位置、散射矩阵等信息
	地物分类标注数据	专家解译	新疆地区	约17 km²	监督分类、精度验证	包括荒漠草原、裸土、耕地、城区、温室等典型地貌
	类行星地貌标注数据	专家解译	新疆地区	23个多边形/ 线形标注	类行星地貌识别与提取	包括冲积扇、冲沟、谷网等类火星地貌，以及皱脊、岩石地表等类月地貌

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表 2 陆探一号工作模式与参数

Table 2. The operational mode and parameters of LT-1

工作模式	名称	极化方式	通道	幅宽	分辨率	入射角
标称模式2	Strip 1	HH/VV	双	50 km	3 m × 3 m	20°～46° (干涉) 20°～53° (成像) 10°～60° (拓展)
	Strip 2	HH/VV	单	100 km	12 m × 12 m	20°～46° (干涉) 20°～53° (成像)
	Strip 3	HH+HV/VV+VH	双	50 km	3 m × 3 m	10°～60°
	Strip 4	HH+HV+VV+VH	单	30 km	6 m × 6 m	13°～21°
	Strip 5	HH/VV	单	160 km	24 m × 24 m	15.7°～30°
	SCAN	HH/VV	双	400 km	30 m × 30 m	20°～49°
实验模式	Exp. 1	RH+RV/LH+LV	双	50 km	3 m × 3 m	9°～60°
	Exp. 2	HH+HV+VV+VH	单	30 km	6 m × 6 m	13°～38°
	Exp. 3	HH+HV+VV+VH	双	30 km	3 m × 3 m	13°～53°
	Exp. 4	RH+RV+LH+LV	双	30 km	3 m × 3 m	13°～53°
注：H表示水平极化，V表示垂直极化，R表示混合发射水平极化相位超前垂直极化相位90°，L表示混合发射垂直极化相位超前水平极化相位90°。

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表 3 SAR影像参数

Table 3. Parameters of SAR imagery

区域	工作模式	数据获取时间	轨道号	数据量	景中心入射角
新疆地区	Exp. 1	2023年04月08日	006040	14景	35.9°
新疆地区	Strip 4	2023年03月04日	005983	2景	36.4°
内蒙古苏尼特地区	Exp. 1	2024年01月11日	010651	1景	33.0°
太行山及其南麓	Exp. 1	2024年01月10日	010636	15景	33.1°
太行山及其南麓	Strip 4	2023年12月18日	010279	14景	32.9°

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表 4 光学影像参数

Table 4. Parameters of optical imagery

卫星	数据获取时间	轨道号	太阳方位角	太阳天顶角
ZY1E	2023年03月01日	18164	160.0°	52.2°
ZY1E	2023年03月27日	18541	158.6°	42.2°
ZY1E	2023年04月25日	18953	156.2°	31.5°
GF-2	2023年03月09日	46229	142.7°	54.4°
GF-2	2023年03月19日	46376	141.2°	50.6°
GF-2	2023年03月19日	46376	141.3°	50.7°

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表 5 哈密与苏尼特定标场布设定标器位置

Table 5. Deployment locations of Calibrators at Hami and Sonid Calibration Sites

定标场	极化	定标器类型	定标器编号	经度(°)	纬度(°)	高程(m)
内蒙古苏尼特	混合极化	PARC	1	112.4448	42.8177	1049.84
			2	112.4322	42.8390	1037.40
			3	112.4291	42.8274	1037.40
			4	112.4268	42.8228	1040.14
		TCR	A	112.425079	42.8372029	1037.029
			B	112.318830	42.8940020	1056.571
			C	112.124712	42.9637972	1094.185
			D	112.111615	42.9620900	1097.009
新疆哈密	混合极化	PARC	1	93.6995	42.5322	599.65
			2	93.6307	42.5599	577.55
			3	93.5513	42.5934	551.78
			4	93.5135	42.5893	531.64
			5	93.4980	42.6146	547.43
		TCR	A	93.606651	42.571443	563.718
			B	93.558919	42.590167	553.300
			C	93.485667	42.619367	547.176
	全极化	PARC	1	93.6995	42.5322	599.65
			2	93.6603	42.5431	591.49
			3	93.6307	42.5599	577.55
			4	93.5513	42.5934	551.78
			5	93.5135	42.5893	531.64
			6	93.4980	42.6146	547.43
		TCR	A	93.722534	42.526064	602.463
			B	93.666109	42.541277	591.797
			C	93.581795	42.581258	545.655
			D	93.533604	42.600272	551.900
			E	93.507202	42.575653	522.567
			F	93.485667	42.619367	547.176

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表 6 PARC散射矩阵

Table 6. The scattering matrix of PARC

定标场	极化模式	1	2	3	4	5	6
内蒙古苏尼特	混合极化	$\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&{ - 1} \\ { - 1}&1 \end{array}} \right]$	$\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 0&0 \\ 1&0 \end{array}} \right]$	$\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&1 \\ { - 1}&{ - 1} \end{array}} \right]$	$\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 0&1 \\ 0&0 \end{array}} \right]$	-	-
新疆哈密	混合极化	$\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 0&1 \\ 0&0 \end{array}} \right]$	$\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 0&0 \\ 1&0 \end{array}} \right]$	$\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 0&0 \\ 0&1 \end{array}} \right]$	$\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&{ - 1} \\ 1&{ - 1} \end{array}} \right]$	$\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&0 \\ 0&0 \end{array}} \right]$	-
新疆哈密	全极化	$\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 0&0 \\ 1&0 \end{array}} \right]$	$\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&{ - 1} \\ 1&{ - 1} \end{array}} \right]$	$\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 0&1 \\ 0&0 \end{array}} \right]$	$\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 0&1 \\ 0&0 \end{array}} \right]$	$\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1&1 \\ 1&1 \end{array}} \right]$	$\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 0&0 \\ 1&0 \end{array}} \right]$

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表 7 解耦的极化系统失真参数

Table 7. Decoupled polarimetric system distortion parameters

极化失真参数	LT-1A	HP模式	LT-1B	HP模式
$ {f_{\text{r}}} $	1.071e0	∠−1.168e−2 rad	9.605e−1	∠2.785e−2 rad
$ {\delta _1} $	2.544e−2	∠−3.005e0 rad	8.259e−2	∠−3.097e0 rad
$ {\delta _2} $	3.145e−2	∠−1.237e−1 rad	9.007e−2	∠−3.005e−2 rad
$ {\delta _c} $	6.593e−3	∠2.914e−1 rad	3.153e−3	∠2.833e0 rad

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表 8 哈密数据集分类精度对比

Table 8. Classification accuracy comparison of the Hami dataset

数据类型	荒漠草原		裸土		耕地		城区		温室		OA
数据类型	PA	UA	PA	UA	PA	UA	PA	UA	PA	UA	OA
QP	100.00	99.96	99.40	99.86	97.63	94.60	88.41	92.83	91.91	90.11	95.47
HP	99.94	99.53	99.19	99.70	96.88	88.01	77.90	84.20	76.66	78.61	90.11

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