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分布式孔径相参合成原理、发展与技术实现综述
DOI: 10.12000/JR23195
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3 3)理想情况下，各孔径发射的信号相同，均为\begin{document}${s(t) {\mathrm{e}}^{{\mathrm{j}}2\pi f_{{\mathrm{c}}} t}} $\end{document} \begin{document}${ s_{1}^{{\mathrm{t}}}({{t)}}} $\end{document} \begin{document}${ s_{2}^{{\mathrm{t}}}({{t}}) }$\end{document} -
7 10)对坐标轴\begin{document}${ \varepsilon_{\tau_{n}}-\varepsilon_{\psi_{n}} }$\end{document} \begin{document}$ { x={\mathrm{c}} / B x_{\varepsilon_{ \tau_n}}, y=\lambda / 360^{\circ} y_{\varepsilon_{ \psi _{n}}}}$\end{document} \begin{document}$ { (x_{\varepsilon_{ \tau _{n}}}, y_{\varepsilon_{ \psi _{n}}})} $\end{document} \begin{document}${k=\alpha \cdot y_{\varepsilon_{\tau n}}/x_{\varepsilon_{\psi_{n}}} \cdot B/f_{\mathrm{c}}}$\end{document} \begin{document}${k}$\end{document} \begin{document}${\alpha}$\end{document} \begin{document}$ { k }$\end{document} \begin{document}${ y_{\varepsilon_{ \tau _{n}}}/x_{\varepsilon_{ \psi _{n}}}}$\end{document} \begin{document}$ { B / f_{{\mathrm{c}}} }$\end{document}
作者简介:
刘兴华，博士，在站博士后，研究方向为分布式雷达协同探测、阵列信号处理等
王国玉，博士，教授，研究方向为空天电磁对抗仿真与试验评估、空间目标电磁感知、太空与电磁安全等
徐振海，博士，研究员，研究方向为阵列雷达设计与处理技术
汪连栋，博士，研究员，研究方向为电磁场与微波技术、电子信息装备试验与评估等
通讯作者:
Review of Principles, Development and Technical Implementation of Coherently Combining Distributed Apertures
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摘要: 分布式孔径相参合成通过对多个分散布置小孔径的收/发信号进行相参调整，使协同的分布式系统可以用相对低的成本获得比拟于大孔径的功率孔径积，是替代大孔径的可行技术选择。该文首先阐述了分布式孔径相参合成的概念和实现原理，根据是否需要合成目的地处的外部信号输入，将相参合成的实现架构分为闭环式和开环式两类；然后，较为全面地综述了分布式孔径相参合成在导弹防御、深空遥测遥控、超远距离雷达探测、射电天文多领域发展应用情况；进一步阐述相参合成必要且用于对准各孔径收发信号时间和相位的关键技术，包括高精度分布式时频传递和同步技术，以及相参合成参数估计、测量标定和预测技术；最后对分布式孔径相参合成研究进行了总结和展望。Abstract: Coherently combining distributed apertures adjusts the transmitted/received signals of multiple distributed small apertures, allowing coordinated distributed systems to obtain high power aperture products at much lower cost than large aperture. This is a promising and viable technology as an alternative to using large apertures. This study describes the concept and principles of coherently combining distributed apertures. Depending on whether external signal inputs at the combination destination are necessary, the implementation architecture of coherent combination is classified into two categories: closed- and open-loop. The development of coherently combining distributed apertures and their application in fields such as missile defense, deep space telemetry control, radar detection over ultralong range, and radio astronomy are then comprehensively presented. Furthermore, key techniques for aligning the time and phase of the transmitted/received signals for each aperture are elaborated, which are also necessary for coherently combining distributed apertures, including high-precision distributed time-frequency transfer and synchronization, and coherently combining parameters estimation, measurement and calibration, and prediction. Finally, summary is presented, and the scope of future works in this field is explored.
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图 1 将大孔径分解为更小、更便宜的小孔径构成的分布式系统
Figure 1. Decompose large-aperture into distributed systems consisting of smaller and cheaper mini-apertures
图 2 分布式孔径相参合成示意
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of coherently combining distributed apertures
图 7 “深空先进雷达能力”计划概念示意
Figure 7. Conceptual architecture of Deep Space Advanced Radar Capability (DARC) project
图 9 Two-way交换时间戳的方式实现时间同步
Figure 9. Time synchronization by two-way timestamps exchange
图 10 不同同步偏差条件下，
$ {G_{{\text{loss}}}} $ 不低于0.5 dB的概率Figure 10. Probability that
$ {G_{{\text{loss}}}} $ no less than 0.5 dB as a function of synchronization error
图 11 同时考虑时间和相位同步偏差时，
$ {G_{{\text{loss}}}} $ 不低于0.5 dB的概率Figure 11. Probability that
$ {G_{{\text{loss}}}} $ no less than 0.5 dB, when jointly considering time and phase synchronization error
图 12 基于非合作目标反射回波估计相参合成参数原理
Figure 12. Principle of coherent combination parameters based on reflection echoes from non-cooperative target
图 13 基于位置固定已知多普勒域可分的多参考点对孔径位置偏差标定
Figure 13. Aperture position bias calibration based on multiple reference points with known fixed position and resolved in the Doppler domain
图 14 合成目的地动态位置导致孔径间传播路径差改变
Figure 14. Dynamic positions of coherent combination destination lead to changes in propagation path difference between apertures
表 1 闭环式和开环式架构对比
Table 1. Closed-loop vs. open-loop architectures
实现架构 外部馈源输入 孔径精确位置 时频同步 相参性退化因素 波束形成位置 闭环式 必需，且一定源于合成目的地 非必需 非必需(信号“反转”合成类方法必需) 统一考虑 只能指向馈源方向 开环式 可能需要，输入不做限定且一般不源于
合成目的地4 必需 必需 拆分考虑 可自由切换 
下载: 导出CSV
雷达 T/R组件数 T/R组件平均发射功率 天线孔径(m2) 相对功率孔径积 相对探测距离 电扫范围(°) TPY-2 25344 3.2 W 9.2 0.0012 0.19 ±60 “堆叠式”TPY-2 50688 3.2 W 18.4 0.0098 0.31 ±60 SBX 45264 2.0 W 249.0 1.0000 1.00 ±12 GBR-P 16896 1.2 W 105.0 0.0400 0.45 ±11 Have Stare 4 -- 70.0 kW (总) 573.0 4.1000 1.40 --
下载: 导出CSV
时频传递方案 时间准确度 频率稳定度 特点 长波[67] ～1 μs 1×10–12@1 d 覆盖范围广，传递距离可达3000 km TWSTFT[67] ～ns 1×10–14@1 d 需要租用卫星使用时间及接收设备 White Rabbit[68] <ns 2×10–15@1 d 需要千兆同步以太网 光载射频[69] ～ps 1.6×10–18@1 d 长距离传输需要中继 自由空间光学频率梳传递[70] 100 fs 4×10−19@10000 s 需要瓦级功率的高稳定光学频率梳，以及纳瓦级高灵敏度的线性光学采样 无线稀疏双音[53] ～ps ～10–15@1 d 高精度测量基线长度并结合PLL电路实现小范围节点间的时频传递
下载: 导出CSV
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