基于时频分析的SAR目标微波视觉特性智能感知方法与应用

黄钟泠; 吴冲; 姚西文; 王立鹏; 韩军伟

doi:10.12000/JR23191

基于时频分析的SAR目标微波视觉特性智能感知方法与应用

DOI: 10.12000/JR23191

黄钟泠^1, ,,
吴冲¹,
姚西文^1, ,,
王立鹏²,
韩军伟¹

1.
西北工业大学自动化学院西安 710072
2.
北京机电工程研究所北京 100074

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(62101459)，中国博士后科学基金(BX2021248)

详细信息

作者简介:
黄钟泠，副教授，硕士生导师，研究方向为SAR图像解译、深度学习和可解释人工智能等

吴　冲，硕士生，研究方向为SAR目标识别等

姚西文，副研究员，博士生导师，研究方向为计算机视觉、遥感图像处理、细粒度图像分类和目标识别等

王立鹏，工程师，研究方向为智能感知总体设计、SAR图像智能检测识别等

韩军伟，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为计算机视觉与脑成像分析等

通讯作者:
黄钟泠 huangzhongling@nwpu.edu.cn

姚西文 yaoxiwen@nwpu.edu.cn

责任主编：徐丰 Corresponding Editor: XU Feng
中图分类号: TN957.51
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-10-06
- 修回日期: 2023-11-28
- 网络出版日期: 2023-12-29
- 刊出日期: 2024-04-28

Physically Explainable Intelligent Perception and Application of SAR Target Characteristics Based on Time-frequency Analysis

1.
School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
2.
Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing 100074, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (62101459), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (BX2021248)

More Information

Corresponding author: HUANG Zhongling, huangzhongling@nwpu.edu.cn; YAO Xiwen, yaoxiwen@nwpu.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 合成孔径雷达(SAR)目标识别智能算法目前仍面临缺少鲁棒性、泛化性和可解释性的挑战，理解SAR目标微波特性并将其结合先进的深度学习算法，实现高效鲁棒的SAR目标识别，是目前领域较为关注的研究重点。SAR目标特性反演方法通常计算复杂度较高，难以结合深度神经网络实现端到端的实时预测。为促进SAR目标物理特性在智能识别任务中的应用，发展高效、智能、可解释的微波物理特性感知方法至关重要。该文将高分辨SAR目标的非平稳特性作为一种典型的微波视觉特性，提出一种改进的基于时频分析的目标特性智能感知方法，优化了处理流程和计算效率，使之更适用于SAR目标识别场景，并进一步将其应用到SAR目标智能识别算法中，实现了稳定的性能提升。该方法泛化性强、计算效率高，能得到物理可解释的SAR目标特性分类结果，对目标识别算法的性能提升与属性散射中心模型相当。
- 合成孔径雷达(SAR) /
- 目标识别 /
- 目标特性 /
- 微波视觉 /
- 时频分析(TFA)
Abstract: The current state of intelligent target recognition approaches for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) continues to experience challenges owing to their limited robustness, generalizability, and interpretability. Currently, research focuses on comprehending the microwave properties of SAR targets and integrating them with advanced deep learning algorithms to achieve effective and resilient SAR target recognition. The computational complexity of SAR target characteristic-inversion approaches is often considerable, rendering their integration with deep neural networks for achieving real-time predictions in an end-to-end manner challenging. To facilitate the utilization of the physical properties of SAR targets in intelligent recognition tasks, advancing the development of microwave physical property sensing technologies that are efficient, intelligent, and interpretable is imperative. This paper focuses on the nonstationary nature of high-resolution SAR targets and proposes an improved intelligent approach for analyzing target characteristics using time-frequency analysis. This method enhances the processing flow and calculation efficiency, making it more suitable for SAR targets. It is integrated with a deep neural network for SAR target recognition to achieve consistent performance improvement. The proposed approach exhibits robust generalization capabilities and notable computing efficiency, enabling the acquisition of classification outcomes of the SAR target characteristics that are readily interpretable from a physical standpoint. The enhancement in the performance of the target recognition algorithm is comparable to that achieved by the attribute scattering center model.
- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) /
- Target recognition /
- Target characteristics /
- Microwave vision /
- Time Frequency Analysis (TFA)

HTML全文

图 1 微波视觉特性智能感知与应用流程

Figure 1. Intelligent perception and application flow of microwave visual characteristics

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图 3 分割算法处理T-72目标的示例

Figure 3. Example of a segmentation algorithm dealing with a T-72 target

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图 2 分割算法流程

Figure 2. Segmentation algorithm flow

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图 4 参数$ {N_{{\text{rg}}}} $, $ {N_{{\text{az}}}} $, $ {N_{\text{f}}} $, $ {N_{{\text{win}}}} $等示意图

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of parameters $ {N_{{\text{rg}}}} $, $ {N_{{\text{az}}}} $, $ {N_{\text{f}}} $ and $ {N_{{\text{win}}}} $

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图 5 基于PIHA的网络的结构

Figure 5. Structure of a PIHA-based network

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图 6 当$ {N_{{\mathrm{rg}}}} $= 64时，不同$ {N_{\mathrm{f}}} $设置下的汉明窗滤波器组

Figure 6. Hamming window filter groups at different settings of ${N_{\mathrm{f}}} $ when $ {N_{{\mathrm{rg}}}} $ = 64

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图 7 不同参数设置下的目标二维子带散射特性

Figure 7. Scattering characteristics of the target in 2D sub-bands with different parameter settings

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图 8 索贝尔算子处理结果(红色标记代表人造目标，黄色标记代表背景杂波)

Figure 8. The processing results of the Sobel operator (the red mark represents the artificial target, and the yellow mark represents the background clutter)

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图 9 ASC模型散射中心仿真结果的子带散射特性分析

Figure 9. Analysis of the scattering characteristics of the sub-band scattering characteristics of ASC model scattering center simulation results

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图 10 对T-72目标不同部件的子带散射特性分析(x轴和y轴分别为方位向和距离向)

Figure 10. Analysis of the sub-band scattering characteristics of different components of the T-72 target (the x-axis andy-axis are azimuth and distance, respectively)

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图 11 距离4种聚类中心最近的二维子带散射图

Figure 11. Scattering of the two-dimensional sub-bands closest to the four clustering centers

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图 12 T-72目标每种微波视觉特性的分布图

Figure 12. Distribution map of each microwave visual characteristic of T-72 target

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图 13 BMP目标每种微波视觉特性的分布图

Figure 13. Distribution map of each microwave visual characteristic of BMP target

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表 1 MSTAR数据集OFA评价方法设置

Table 1. OFA evaluation method settings for MSTAR dataset

类别	训练集/验证集			OFA-1			OFA-2			OFA-3
类别	型号	俯仰角	数量	型号	俯仰角	数量	型号	俯仰角	数量	型号	俯仰角	数量
BMP-2	9563	17°	233	9563	15°	195	9563	15°	195	/	/	/
	/	/	/	/	/	/	9566	15°	196	/	/	/
	/	/	/	/	/	/	C21	15°	196	/	/	/
T-72	132	17°	232	132	15°	196	132	15°	196	/	/	/
	/	/	/	/	/	/	812	15°	195	/	/	/
	/	/	/	/	/	/	S7	15°	191	/	/	/
BTR-70	C71	17°	233	C71	15°	196	C71	15°	196	/	/	/
BTR-60	k10yt7532	17°	256	k10yt7532	15°	195	k10yt7532	15°	195	/	/	/
2S1	b01	17°	299	b01	15°	274	b01	15°	274	b01	15°/30°/45°	274/288/303
BRDM-2	E-71	17°	298	E-71	15°	274	E-71	15°	274	E-71	15°/30°/45°	274/420/423
D7	92v13015	17°	299	92v13015	15°	274	92v13015	15°	274	/	/	/
T-62	A51	17°	299	A51	15°	273	A51	15°	273	/	/	/
ZIL-131	E12	17°	299	E12	15°	274	E12	15°	274	/	/	/
ZSU-234	d08	17°	299	d08	15°	274	d08	15°	274	d08	15°/30°/45°	274/406/422

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表 2 不同聚类中心数量对比试验(%)

Table 2. Comparative experiments on the number of centers in different clusters (%)

聚类数量	90			50
聚类数量	OFA-1	OFA-2	OFA-3	OFA-1	OFA-2	OFA-3
2	96.49±1.61	93.99$\pm $0.81	62.32±2.11	94.54±0.98	90.57$\pm $0.98	61.96$\pm $0.92
4	97.40±0.38	94.38±0.74	64.55±1.54	94.79±1.30	91.27±1.95	61.30$\pm $1.30
8	96.95$\pm $0.86	93.44±0.90	63.26$\pm $3.34	94.58$\pm $1.39	90.53±2.08	59.14±4.45

聚类数量	30			10
聚类数量	OFA-1	OFA-2	OFA-3	OFA-1	OFA-2	OFA-3
2	88.48±0.91	84.90$\pm $1.20	60.95±2.39	69.58±1.02	64.31$\pm $1.65	54.78±2.61
4	89.10$\pm $1.36	85.05±1.49	60.86$\pm $1.03	70.23$\pm $1.94	63.92±2.13	54.24$\pm $1.29
8	89.13±1.20	84.56±1.68	56.42±2.66	70.85±1.82	64.85±1.46	53.41±2.43
注：加粗和下划线分别表示最优和次优结果。

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表 3 基于ASC和微波视觉特性的PIHA对比实验(%)

Table 3. Comparative experiments of PIHA based on ASC and microwave visual characteristics (%)

模型	90			50
模型	OFA-1	OFA-2	OFA-3	OFA-1	OFA-2	OFA-3
DenseNet-121	95.37±1.04	91.73±0.76	60.37±2.66	91.60±1.82	88.45±1.58	60.18±1.57
+PIHA (ASC)	97.41±0.99	94.40±1.66	62.07±2.40	95.32±1.30	91.97±1.72	61.81±1.16
+PIHA (TFA)	97.40±0.38	94.38±0.74	64.55±1.54	94.79±1.30	91.27±1.95	61.30±1.30
A-ConvNet	86.95±5.69	84.51±6.06	57.16±3.07	92.48±5.00	88.88±4.82	62.80±2.31
+PIHA (ASC)	94.96±2.84	93.02±3.24	57.91±1.80	93.13±3.24	89.06±3.54	59.11±2.89
+PIHA (TFA)	88.78±4.12	86.46±4.24	61.37±3.69	92.81±4.43	89.45±3.87	60.15±1.16

模型	30			10
模型	OFA-1	OFA-2	OFA-3	OFA-1	OFA-2	OFA-3
DenseNet-121	84.72±1.13	80.29±1.21	57.44±2.56	65.58±3.49	59.32±3.21	56.63±3.18
+PIHA (ASC)	90.20±1.43	85.98±1.73	61.91±1.45	71.97±1.97	65.89±2.08	53.87±1.85
+PIHA (TFA)	89.10±1.36	85.05±1.49	60.86±1.03	70.23±1.94	63.92±2.13	54.24±1.29
A-ConvNet	87.65±2.39	83.04±3.32	58.63±1.73	72.02±1.70	64.76±2.27	52.71±2.28
+PIHA (ASC)	91.18±2.19	86.49±2.49	58.78±1.03	76.11±1.93	69.60±2.95	53.22±1.56
+PIHA (TFA)	90.39±2.58	85.98±2.83	59.88±2.13	77.80±4.85	72.34±4.35	52.35±1.91
注：加粗表示最优结果，括号内表示使用的物理信息。

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表 4 本文方法与已有目标识别算法的对比(%)

Table 4. Comparative experiments between the proposed method and existing algorithms (%)

方法	模型描述	输入	90			50
方法	模型描述	输入	OFA-1	OFA-2	OFA-3	OFA-1	OFA-2	OFA-3
A-ConvNet	数据驱动	幅度	86.95±5.69	84.51±6.06	57.16±3.07	92.48±5.00	88.88±4.82	62.80±2.31
FEC	数据+物理模型	复数	92.32±4.41	86.22±5.03	58.76±5.18	86.23±5.62	81.34±5.83	55.03±2.35
MS-CVNets	数据驱动	复数	96.77$\pm $1.74	94.34$\pm $1.22	66.83±3.96	93.43$\pm $1.89	90.78$\pm $1.83	62.56$\pm $3.71
本文方法	数据+物理模型	复数	97.40±0.38	94.38±0.74	64.55$\pm $0.15	94.79±1.30	91.27±1.95	61.30±1.30

方法	模型描述		30			10
方法	模型描述		OFA-1	OFA-2	OFA-3	OFA-1	OFA-2	OFA-3
A-ConvNet	数据驱动	幅度	87.65$\pm $2.39	83.04$\pm $3.32	58.63$\pm $1.73	72.02±1.70	64.76±2.27	52.71$\pm $2.28
FEC	数据+物理模型	复数	68.43±7.72	64.48±6.16	51.12±1.81	57.84±3.47	54.04±3.91	43.44±5.97
MS-CVNets	数据驱动	复数	81.33±0.95	77.50±0.97	56.02±1.11	49.11±4.27	44.63±3.74	38.96±5.78
本文方法	数据+物理模型	复数	89.10±1.36	85.05±1.49	60.86±1.03	70.23$\pm $1.94	63.92$\pm $2.13	54.24±1.29
注：加粗和下划线分别表示最优和次优结果。

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