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Status and Prospects of Electromagnetic Scattering Echoes Simulation from Complex Dynamic Sea Surfaces and Targets
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摘要: 海洋表面是一种高度不规则和时空不重复的复杂动态体系。海杂波是雷达电磁信号照射到海面产生的大量散射体回波的叠加，受风力、洋流、海浪等的影响呈现非均匀性和非平稳性。海杂波信号对海上目标的探测具有一定的干扰作用，尤其是高海情条件下，海浪起伏更加剧烈，目标信号极易淹没在强海杂波信号中，严重限制着雷达对海上目标的检测能力。海杂波及目标电磁散射特性研究是提升复杂海洋环境下目标检测能力的基础，以电磁波与实际复杂动态海面及目标电磁散射机理为基础，形成实际海洋环境下目标回波数据，对海杂波及目标雷达回波特征分析，实测数据集的补充，均存在重大意义。为了让更多相关研究者获得基于物理机理的复杂海环境与目标回波仿真方法近些年的发展和未来趋势，该文总结了回波仿真的3类方法，并针对海面与目标仿真场景特点，分析了3类方法的优劣和适应性，给出了部分仿真结果；还介绍了一些基于实测的回波数据集，可方便学者对回波特性进行分析；最后对复杂海面与目标回波仿真方法和特性研究的发展趋势进行了展望。
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关键词:
- 电磁散射 /
- 海杂波 /
- 海面回波分析 /
- 合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像 /
- 目标识别
Abstract: The ocean surface is a complicated dynamic system with considerable irregularity and nonrepetition in space and time. Sea clutter is the superposition of a large number of scatterer echoes generated by the radar electromagnetic signal irradiated to the sea surface, which is affected by wind, currents, waves, etc. and shows nonuniformity and nonsmoothness. The sea clutter signal has a certain interference effect on the detection of sea targets, especially under high sea conditions when the waves are furious, and the target signal is readily drowned out by the strong sea clutter signal, severely limiting the radar’s detection capability on sea targets. The investigation of sea clutter and target electromagnetic scattering properties serves as the foundation for improving the target detection capability in difficult marine environments. The formation of target echo data in the actual marine environment is of great significance for the analysis of sea clutter and target radar echo characteristics, as well as the supplementation of the actual measurement data set based on electromagnetic waves and the actual complex dynamic sea surface and target electromagnetic scattering mechanism. This study summarizes three key categories of echo simulation methods, analyzes the benefits, disadvantages, and adaptability of several categories of methods for the characteristics of the sea surface and target simulation scenarios, and provides some simulation results in order to make recent advancements and future trends of physics-based complex sea environment and target echo simulation methods more accessible to relevant researchers. It also introduces some echo datasets based on real measurements, which can facilitate scholars’ analysis of echo characteristics. Lastly, the trend toward developing complex sea surface and target echo simulation methods and characteristics for research is presented.-
Key words:
- EM scattering /
- Sea clutter /
- Sea echo analysis /
- SAR imaging /
- Target detection and recognition
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图 1 MPI并行技术与FMM技术所得仿真结果及并行加速比
Figure 1. Simulation results and parallel acceleration ratios obtained by MPI parallel technique and FMM technique
图 2 海面与其上方圆柱复合散射并行FDTD、串行FDTD以及MoM的比较
Figure 2. Comparison of the sea surface with its overlying cylindrical composite scattering by parallel FDTD, FDTD and MoM
图 3 FEM计算所得粗糙面与目标复合电磁散射仿真结果
Figure 3. Simulation results of the FEM calculation of the composite scattering from the rough surface and the target
图 4 迭代电流类方法在复合散射中应用PO-PO与FE-BI-KA仿真结果对比
Figure 4. The scattering comparation of two different current iteration methods: PO-PO and FE-BI-KA
图 6 OpenGL中物体映射到计算机屏幕示意图
Figure 6. Diagram of object mapping to computer screen in OpenGL
图 9 OptiX射线追踪程序关系示意图
Figure 9. Schematic diagram of the relationship between OptiX ray tracing programs
图 10 OptiX中各程序模块的关系及其数据交换示意图
Figure 10. Schematic representation of the relationship between the program modules and their data exchange in OptiX
图 13 TDSBR与CST时域回波仿真结果对比
Figure 13. Comparison of TDSBR and CST time domain echo simulation results
图 14 舰船与粗糙面复合散射示意图
Figure 14. Schematic of composite scattering from a ship and a rough surface
图 15 不同带宽(或脉冲宽度下)调制高斯脉冲时域回波
Figure 15. Time domain echoes of modulated Gaussian pulses under different bandwidths / pulse widths
图 16 不同反射次数时域散射回波
Figure 16. Scattered echoes in time domain under different number of reflections
图 18 阿利伯克级驱逐舰与海面复合场景
Figure 18. Arleigh Burke-class destroyer with sea composite scene
图 19 3级海况不同舰船方位下舰船以及舰船+目标的一维距离像
Figure 19. High resolution range profile of the ship and the ship+target for different ship orientations in three sea states
图 20 不同海况下舰船与海面复合场景一维距离像对比结果
Figure 20. Comparison high resolution range profile of the ship and sea surface composite scenes under different sea conditions
图 22 含单卷浪海面散射模型示意图
Figure 22. Schematic diagram of a sea surface scattering model with breaking waves
图 26 考虑蒸发波导影响下目标散射场功率分布(船头旋转角
$ \varphi = 0^\circ $ )Figure 26. Target scattered field power distribution considering the effect of evaporative waveguides (Bow rotation angle
$ \varphi = 0^\circ $ )
图 27 MoM-PO海面与上方圆柱电磁散射仿真结果
Figure 27. Scattering results of sea surface and cylindrical with of MoM-PO
图 28 复杂海面与目标散射成分分析
Figure 28. Analysis of the scattering components from complex sea surfaces and targets
图 29 IPIX雷达编号40数据不同极化下时空二维杂波图
Figure 29. Two-dimensional spatial-temporal clutter maps for different polarizations of IPIX radar number 40 data
图 36 不同参数下杂波分布的最佳模型
Figure 36. Best model for clutter distribution with different parameters
图 37 3°擦地角U10=15 m/s HH极化顺风散射系数时间序列及均值归一化杂波幅值
Figure 37. Time series of scattering coefficients and normalized clutter for HH polarization under U10=15 m/s and 3° grazing angle
图 38 入射波频率为1.5 GHz时不同风速后向散射场的多普勒谱
Figure 38. Doppler spectra of the backscattered field at different wind speeds for an incident wave frequency of 1.5 GHz
图 39 复杂海背景下掠海低飞目标的双站RCS和归一化多普勒谱
Figure 39. Bistatic RCS and normalized Doppler spectrum of a low-flying target in a complex sea background
图 40 复杂舰船与海面的杂波分布图、杂波概率密度分布、时间相关性
Figure 40. Complex ship and sea clutter map, clutter probability distributions and time correlation
图 41 X波段下杂波多普勒谱(
$f = 10\;{\text{GHz}}$ )Figure 41. Doppler spectrum at X-band (
$f = 10\;{\text{GHz}}$ )
图 42 HH极化与VV极化下电场幅度比值的时间序列
Figure 42. Time series of electric field amplitude ratios under HH polarization and VV polarization
图 43 含多卷浪海面与目标复合多普勒谱
Figure 43. Composite Doppler spectrum of surface and target with multi breaking waves
图 44 不同海况下掠海巡航导弹目标SAR图像
Figure 44. SAR images of missile targets at different sea states
图 45 不同海况舰船编队SAR图像
${\theta _{\rm{i}}} = {45^{\text{o}}}$ ,${\varphi _{\rm{i}}} = {45^{\text{o}}}$ Figure 45. SAR images of ship formations in different sea states at
${\theta _{\rm{i}}} = {45^{\text{o}}}$ ,${\varphi _{\rm{i}}} = {45^{\text{o}}}$ 
图 46 不同海况舰船编队SAR图像
${\theta _{\rm{i}}} = {45^{\text{o}}}$ ,${\varphi _{\rm{i}}} = {90^{\text{o}}}$ Figure 46. SAR images of ship formations in different sea states at
${\theta _{\rm{i}}} = {45^{\text{o}}}$ ,${\varphi _{\rm{i}}} = {90^{\text{o}}}$ 
图 47 不同海况下SAR图像中目标识别结果
Figure 47. Target recognition results in SAR images under different sea states
表 1 串行FDTD方法及并行FDTD方法计算一个样本耗时对比
Table 1. Comparison of the simulation time of a sample by the FDTD method and the parallel FDTD method
极化方式 网格数 串行时间(s) 并行时间(s) 加速比X HH 131072 250854.42 3067.72 81.77 VV 131072 273862.33 3289.24 83.26 
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表 2 仿真算例运行时间(秒)
Table 2. Simulation time (s)
模型 SBR CUDA-SBR 加速比x 舰船+海面双站 994.6 46.3 27.4 舰船+海面单站 776.1 25.7 30.2
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表 3 仿真算例的运行时间(秒)
Table 3. Running time of the simulation example (s)
模型 三角面片数量 SBR OpenGL-SBR 双站：飞行器yoz面 158376 72.72 7.13 双站：飞行器xoz面 158376 81.84 8.82 单站：飞行器yoz面 158376 56.78 5.07 单站：飞行器xoy面 158376 57.09 5.12
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表 4 大型航母编队计算时间(秒)
Table 4. Simulation times for large carrier formations (s)
模型 三角面片数量 SBR 一个角度下平均
计算时间单站：大型航母编队 979025 137.250 0.7625 双站：大型航母编队 979025 47.927 /
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表 5 IPIX雷达主要性能参数
Table 5. The key parameters of IPIX radar
参数 数值 雷达频率 9.4 GHz 中频 150 MHz 脉冲宽度 20~5000 ns 发射峰值功率 8 kW 发射信号波长 3 cm 多普勒频移 34 Hz/节 脉冲重复频率(PRF) 0~2000 Hz 距离分辨率 30 m 半功率点波瓣宽度 0.9° 雷达天线高度 30 m 极化方式 HH, VV, HV, VH 擦地角 <1° 采样距离间隔 15 m
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表 6 OTB MS3的主要特性
Table 6. The main characteristics of OTB MS3
参数 数值 纬度 $ 34^\circ 36'55.32''{\text{S}} $ 经度 $ 20^\circ 17'20.11''{\text{E}} $ 地面高度 53 m 天线高度 56 m 离海距离 1.2 km 方位角范围 208°～ 80°N (SSW-ENE) 距离 (CNR > 15 dB)1.25～4.50 km 擦地角 (< 15 km)3.00°～0.16° 擦地角 (CNR > 15 dB)3.0°～0.7°
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表 7 雷达参数
Table 7. The key parameters of radar
技术指标 参数 工作频段 X 载频范围 9.3~9.5 GHz 带宽 25 MHz 脉冲重复频率 1.6 K, 3.0 K, 5.0 K和10.0 K 天线极化方式 HH 天线长度 1.8 m 天线工作模式 凝视、圆周扫描 天线水平波束宽度 1.2° 天线垂直波束宽度 22°
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表 8 U10=10 m/s不同条件下海杂波幅度最佳拟合模型统计分布
Table 8. Best-fit model statistics distribution for sea clutter amplitude at U10=10 m/s
入射角 极化 入射频率(GHz) X波段10 GHz Ku波段15 GHz 30° HH WB WB VV WB WB 45° HH WB WB VV K K 60° HH WB WB VV K K 80° HH RL RL VV RL RL
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