透射型两比特可编程超表面实现多模电磁涡旋波束的动态调控

邓烨; 佟琬婷; 屈凯; 赵俊明; 姜田; 陈克; 冯一军

doi:10.12000/JR26030

透射型两比特可编程超表面实现多模电磁涡旋波束的动态调控

DOI: 10.12000/JR26030 CSTR: 32380.14.JR26030

南京大学电子科学与工程学院南京 210023

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金 (62471216, U2341264, 62571231, 62271243), 江苏省基础研究计划项目 (BK20250162), 江苏省重点研发计划项目 (BE2023084)

详细信息

作者简介:
邓　烨，硕士生，主要研究方向为透射型可编程超表面及其应用

佟琬婷，博士生，主要研究方向为能量放大电磁表面及非互易器件设计

屈　凯，博士，主要研究方向为多功能电磁超表面器件的工作机理和逆向设计研究

赵俊明，教授，主要研究方向包括电磁超材料和超表面及其在新型微波功能器件中的应用

姜　田，教授，主要研究方向包括电磁超表面及其在微波和光子器件中的应用

陈　克，副教授，主要研究方向包括人工电磁材料理论与设计、电磁超表面及其新型电磁器件与应用等

冯一军，教授，主要研究方向包括电磁超材料及其在微波和光子器件的应用、电磁波理论、以及新型微波功能材料等

通讯作者:
陈克 ke.chen@nju.edu.cn

责任主编：张安学 Corresponding Editor: ZHANG Anxue

中图分类号: TN82
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-01-28

Dynamic Manipulation of Multimode Electromagnetic Vortex Beam by 2-bit Programmable Transmissive Metasurface

School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China(62471216, U2341264, 62571231, 62271243), The Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province (BK20250162), The Jiangsu Provincial Key Research and Development Program (BE2023084)

More Information

Corresponding author: CHEN Ke, ke.chen@nju.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 该文提出了一种透射型两比特可编程超表面的设计方法，并基于该超表面实现了多模电磁涡旋波束的生成与动态调控。所设计的超表面单元通过控制所加载PIN二极管的状态，在4.15 GHz中心频率处可以实现插入损耗低至1.2 dB的高效透射及精确的两比特相位量化调控。进一步构建了生成偏折涡旋波束所需的编码方案，并加工制作了超表面样件。近场扫描测试结果表明，该超表面能够生成多种模态的涡旋波束，且具有清晰的螺旋相位特征与环状幅度分布，中心频点处±2阶以内涡旋波束主模纯度均大于0.88；同时进行了远场方向图测试，验证了涡旋波束能够在0°～45°范围内动态扫描，且扫描增益损耗小于3 dB，实测结果与仿真吻合良好。该超表面涡旋波束动态调控方法在雷达成像与无线通信等领域具有较好的应用前景。
- 可编程超表面 /
- 透射型 /
- 相位可重构 /
- 涡旋波束 /
- 波束扫描
Abstract: Here, we propose a design method for a 2-bit transmissive programmable metasurface and demonstrate the generation and dynamic control of multimode electromagnetic vortex beams. By adjusting the states of the loaded PIN diodes, the metasurface element achieves high-efficiency transmission with an insertion loss as low as 1.2 dB and precise 2-bit tunable phase control at a center frequency of 4.15 GHz. The coding schemes necessary for generating steerable vortex beams are then theoretically derived. To validate the design principle and simulation results, a metasurface prototype is fabricated. Near-field scanning measurements show that the proposed metasurface can dynamically generate vortex beams with various modes, exhibiting distinct spiral phase characteristics and annular amplitude distributions, with the mode purity of the dominant mode remaining above 0.88 for orders within ±2 at the center frequency. Far-field radiation pattern measurements further confirm that the generated vortex beams can be dynamically scanned within 0°–45°, with a scan loss of less than 3 dB. The results measured align well with the simulations. The proposed programmable metasurface for vortex beam control demonstrates strong potential for applications in radar imaging and wireless communication.
- Programmable metasurface /
- Transmissive /
- Phase reconfiguration /
- Vortex beam /
- Beam scanning

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图 1 两比特透射超表面单元结构示意图

Figure 1. Schematic of the 2-bit transmissive metasurface element

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图 2 不同状态下超表面单元的全波仿真结果

Figure 2. Full-wave simulated results of metasurface element under different states

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图 3 超表面单元在不同偏置网络及斜入射条件下的性能分析

Figure 3. Performance analysis of the unit cell under different bias networks and oblique incidence

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图 4 效率随焦径比的变化曲线

Figure 4. Calculated efficiencies as a function of F/D ratio

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图 5 生成动态多模涡旋波束超表面相位分布

Figure 5. Metasurface phase distributions for generating dynamic multi-mode vortex beams

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图 6 不同相位量化精度下涡旋波主模态纯度对比

Figure 6. Comparison of the dominant mode purity of vortex beams under different phase quantization precisions

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图 7 涡旋波主模态纯度对调控误差鲁棒性分析

Figure 7. Robustness analysis of dominant mode purity of vortex beams against control inaccuracies

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图 8 近场扫描测试装置

Figure 8. Experimental setup for near-field scanning measurements

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图 9 不同模式涡旋波仿真分析与实验测试的幅度、相位分布图

Figure 9. Simulated and measured distributions of amplitude and phase for vortex waves with different modes

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图 10 不同模式涡旋波仿真与测试模式分析结果

Figure 10. Simulated and measured mode analysis results for vortex beams with different modes

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图 11 不同模式涡旋波束扫描的三维仿真方向图

Figure 11. Simulated 3D radiation patterns of vortex beam scanning for different modes

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图 12 微波暗室中超表面生成涡旋波束测试装置

Figure 12. Experimental setup for metasurface-based vortex beams generation in a microwave anechoic chamber

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图 13 法向涡旋波束出射时仿真与测试方向图

Figure 13. Simulated and measured radiation patterns of vortex beam under normal output angle

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图 14 不同模式下涡旋波束扫描仿真与测试方向图

Figure 14. Simulated and measured radiation patterns of vortex beam scanning under different modes

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表 1 本工作与其他基于可编程超表面实现涡旋波调控工作性能对比

Table 1. Comparison of the proposed work with previous works based on programmable metasurface

文献	工作方式	中心频率	阵列口径	可调元件	相位分辨率	一阶模式纯度	二阶模式纯度	涡旋波束扫描
[28]	反射型	10 GHz	9.3×9.3 λ² (20×20)	PIN管	1比特	0.94 (仿真) 0.88 (测试)	0.96 (仿真) 0.89 (测试)	×
[29]	反射型	29 GHz	10×10 λ² (20×20)	PIN管	1比特	0.62 (测试)	0.53 (测试)	×
[30]	辐射型	29 GHz	8×8 λ² (18×18)	PIN管	1比特	0.59 (仿真)	0.62 (仿真)	√, 30°
[33]	反射型	3.2 GHz	7.7×7.7 λ² (16×16)	PIN管	2比特	—	0.89 (测试)	√, 40°
[34]	透射型	5.8 GHz	7.7×7.7 λ² (16×16)	变容管	3比特	0.89 (仿真) 0.75 (测试)	0.95 (仿真) 0.76 (测试)	×
本文	透射型	4.15 GHz	5.5×5.5 λ² (16×16)	PIN管	2比特	0.95 (仿真) 0.89 (测试)	0.96 (仿真) 0.88 (测试)	√, 45°

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