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Optimized Design Method for Multimodal Low-Coupling Orbital Angular Momentum Arrays for Radar Detection Applications
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摘要: 携带轨道角动量( OAM)的涡旋电磁波能够满足现代雷达探测系统对高分辨率、高精度等的需求，而现有OAM波束的产生方法面临多模态纯度受限及阵元间互耦合严重等问题。为解决以上问题，该文首先基于均匀同心圆环阵列设计方法，设计并优化角锥喇叭天线单元，建立了多模态OAM阵列模型，通过双层金属地板设计方法抑制阵列中阵元间的互耦合效应，并对阵列构型进行优化，使其能够生成同指向高纯度的多模态OAM波束；在此基础上，使用遗传算法优化设计生成低旁瓣的多模态OAM波束。全波仿真表明，优化后阵列的有源反射系数低于–10 dB，阵元间互耦合得到显著抑制，所设计的阵列结构稳定，能够进行工程应用，并支持14种模态纯度超过0.92的同指向OAM波束和旁瓣低于–13 dB的OAM波束生成。最后，通过加工、测试与超分辨成像实验仿真验证了所设计阵列的性能。Abstract: Vortex electromagnetic waves carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) can meet the requirements of modern radar detection systems for high resolution and precision. However, existing OAM beam generation methods suffer from limitations, such as insufficient multimodal purity and strong mutual coupling between array elements. To overcome these challenges, this paper designs and optimizes pyramidal horn antenna elements based on a uniform concentric circular array, thereby establishing a multimodal OAM array model. A double-layer metal ground plane structure is introduced to effectively suppress mutual coupling between array elements. Furthermore, the array configuration is optimized to generate high-purity, co-directional multimodal OAM beams. On this basis, a genetic algorithm is used to further optimize the design for generating multimodal OAM beams with low sidelobes. Full-wave simulations show that the optimized array achieves an active reflection coefficient below −10 dB, indicating substantially suppression of the mutual coupling between elements. The proposed array exhibits a stable structure suitable for engineering applications and supports the generation of 14 co-directional OAM beams with modal purity exceeding 0.92 and sidelobes below −13 dB. Finally, the performance of the designed array is validated through fabrication, testing, and super-resolution imaging experiments.
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图 2 天线单元间互耦合示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of mutual coupling between antenna elements
图 5 角锥喇叭天线的y分量2D方向图
Figure 5. 2D radiation pattern of the y-component for the pyramidal horn antenna
图 6 角锥喇叭天线的z分量2D方向图
Figure 6. 2D radiation pattern of the z-component for the pyramidal horn antenna
图 9 中心阵元的y分量2D方向图
Figure 9. 2D radiation pattern of the y-component for the central array element
图 10 中心阵元的z分量2D方向图
Figure 10. 2D radiation pattern of the z-component for the central array element
图 12 具有双层金属地板结构的OAM阵列HFSS模型
Figure 12. HFSS model of the OAM array with a double-layer metal ground plane structure
图 15 未加地板前各阵元有源反射系数分布图
Figure 15. Distribution of active reflection coefficients for all array elements (without ground plane)
图 16 9.7 GHz各阵元有源反射系数分布图
Figure 16. Distribution of active reflection coefficients for all array elements at 9.7 GHz
图 17 10.0 GHz各阵元有源反射系数分布图
Figure 17. Distribution of active reflection coefficients for all array elements at 10.0 GHz
图 18 10.3 GHz各阵元有源反射系数分布图
Figure 18. Distribution of active reflection coefficients for all array elements at 10.3 GHz
图 20 抑制旁瓣下各模态远场方向图
Figure 20. Far-field patterns of each mode under side lobe suppression
图 24 模态1的近场测试结果及远场变换结果
Figure 24. Test results of modal 1 near-field and far-field transformation results
图 25 模态2的近场测试结果及远场变换结果
Figure 25. Test results of modal 2 near-field and far-field transformation results
图 26 模态3的近场测试结果及远场变换结果
Figure 26. Test results of modal 3 near-field and far-field transformation results
图 27 模态4的近场测试结果及远场变换结果
Figure 27. Test results of modal 4 near-field and far-field transformation results
图 28 模态5的近场测试结果及远场变换结果
Figure 28. Test results of modal 5 near-field and far-field transformation results
图 29 模态6的近场测试结果及远场变换结果
Figure 29. Test results of modal 6 near-field and far-field transformation results
图 30 模态7的近场测试结果及远场变换结果
Figure 30. Test results of modal 7 near-field and far-field transformation results
图 31 OAM模态纯度结果的仿真与测试对比图
Figure 31. Simulation vs. measurement comparison chart of OAM mode purity results
图 32 多模态OAM波束同指向角度上的远场增益分布与相位分布
Figure 32. Far-field gain distribution and phase distribution of multi-mode OAM beams at co-pointing angles
表 1 OAM阵列构型参数
Table 1. OAM array configuration parameters
UCA编号 UCA半径(mm) UCA单元数目 #1 26 6 #2 52 12 #3 81 18 #4 108 26 #5 134 32 #6 161 32 #7 190 44 
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表 2 优化后的阵列构型参数
Table 2. Optimized array configuration parameters
UCA编号 UCA半径(mm) UCA单元数目 #1 56 6 #2 93 12 #3 128 18 #4 162 26 #5 195 32 #6 228 26 #7 260 26
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表 3 各模态涡旋波的远场仿真结果
Table 3. Far-field simulation results of each vortex wave mode
模态数 OAM张角 纯度 增益(dBi) HPBW 1 9.10° 0.996 15.66 9.10° 2 9.20° 0.995 16.89 6.10° 3 9.00° 0.992 17.55 5.00° 4 9.00° 0.996 18.11 4.20° 5 9.00° 0.996 18.69 3.80° 6 9.00° 0.996 17.46 3.40° 7 9.10° 0.994 16.71 3.10°
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表 4 金属地板移动时的增益仿真结果
Table 4. Gain simulation results with moving metal ground plane
模态数 上移1mm增益(dBi) 当前位置增益(dBi) 下移1mm增益(dBi) 1 15.68 15.66 15.53 2 16.81 16.89 16.31 3 17.59 17.55 17.40 4 18.11 18.11 17.88 5 18.68 18.69 18.38 6 17.44 17.46 17.29 7 17.48 16.71 17.20
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表 5 本文结果与其他OAM波束生成研究结果对比
Table 5. Comparison of results in this paper with other OAM beam generation studies
参考文献 类型 工作
频率
(GHz)可生成模态 模态纯度 增益
(dBi)工程应
用性能[13] 平面相
控阵10 1,2,3 50%～90%，随扫描角
度下降未提及 可集成 [14] UCA+偏馈抛物面反射器 10 ±1～±7 1模态>90%，逐渐减小，到7模态≈50% 根据抛
物面尺
寸改变需要精密机械支撑与相位调节 [15] 圆极化椭圆贴片UCA 6 l=-1 ≈80% ≈10 易集成 [16] UCA+
透镜25～28 ±1,±2 >90% >13 仿真与实验验证 [17] 圆极化缝隙贴片UCA 2.4 l=1 ≈80% ≈10 仿真与实验验证 本文 UCCA+双层地板结构 9.7～10.3 ±1～±7(共14种模态) >92%
(实测)>15 易集成，结构稳定、加工误差鲁棒
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