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Development of a Radar Forward-Looking Three-Dimensional Imaging Method Based on Linear Wavefront Modulation
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摘要: 涡旋电磁波以其独特的螺旋形相位波前在雷达前视成像领域受到了广泛关注，然而，其贝塞尔函数形式的辐射强度限制了电磁涡旋雷达的作用距离、成像视场和俯仰维信息获取能力。为解决上述问题，该文从雷达前视成像应用所需的辐射场特性出发，设计了一种新的电磁波线性波前调制模式，借鉴涡旋电磁波调控方式，提出了基于均匀线阵的线性波前电磁波调制方法。全波仿真和辐射场特性测量实验结果表明，线性波前电磁波不仅拥有随俯仰角线性变化的波前相位，同时还具有聚合的波束主瓣，有效避免了涡旋电磁波的能量发散和轴向能量空洞问题。此外，线性波前电磁波的辐射场分布与俯仰、方位二维角度相关，基于该特性，该文建立了线性波前雷达前视三维成像模型，提出了基于旋转阵列和后向投影算法的目标俯仰-方位成像方法，并结合距离信息得到了三维成像结果。仿真结果表明，该文所提方法能够实现雷达前视区域目标的三维成像，在多目标场景和低信噪比条件下依然具有较好的成像性能，相较于现有电磁涡旋干涉三维成像方法和阵列实孔径三维成像方法具有明显性能优势。Abstract: Vortex electromagnetic (EM) waves exhibit spiral phase fronts and have attracted considerable interest in radar forward-looking imaging. However, their Bessel-type radiation intensity pattern limits detection range, imaging field of view, and the ability of EM vortex radar to retrieve elevation information. To overcome these limitations, this study analyzes the radiation field requirements of forward-looking imaging, and proposes a novel linear wavefront modulation scheme for EM waves. Inspired by the modulation mechanism of vortex waves, a linear wavefront modulation method based on a uniform linear array is developed. Full-wave simulations and radiation field measurements demonstrate that the proposed wave not only exhibits a phase front that varies linearly with elevation angle, but also forms a focused mainlobe, effectively avoiding energy divergence and axial nulls inherent to vortex waves. Moreover, its radiation field distribution shows coupled elevation–azimuth dependence. Based on this property, a forward-looking three-dimensional (3D) imaging model is established. An elevation–azimuth imaging method using a rotating array and back-projection algorithm is proposed, and 3D images are reconstructed by integrating range information. Simulation results show that the proposed method enables forward-looking 3D imaging with robust performance under multi-target and low signal-to-noise ratio conditions. Compared with existing vortex interferometric and array-based real-aperture 3D imaging techniques, the proposed approach achieves superior imaging performance.
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图 2 UCA辐射场电磁仿真结果
Figure 2. Electromagnetic simulation results of the UCA radiation field
图 3 一维线性阵列观测坐标系
Figure 3. Observation coordinate system for a one-dimensional linear array
图 4 不同模态线性波前电磁波的辐射场分布示意图
Figure 4. Schematic of the radiation field distribution of linear wavefront waves with different modes
图 5 ULA辐射场电磁仿真结果
Figure 5. Electromagnetic simulation results of the ULA radiation field
图 6 线性波前电磁波辐射场平面近场测量实验场景
Figure 6. Planar near-field measurement setup for the radiation field of linear-wavefront waves
图 7 线性波前电磁波辐射场测量结果($ l=8\text{π} $)
Figure 7. Measured radiation field of the linear wavefront wave ($ l=8\text{π} $)
图 8 多模态涡旋电磁波与线性波前电磁波辐射场特性对比
Figure 8. Comparison of radiation field characteristics between multi-mode vortex waves and linear wavefront waves
图 10 线性波前雷达发射阵列旋转方式示意图
Figure 10. Illustration of the rotation scheme for the linear-wavefront radar transmit array
图 11 线性波前雷达前视三维成像处理流程
Figure 11. Processing flowchart for linear-wavefront radar forward-looking three-dimensional imaging
图 12 线性波前雷达单点目标成像结果
Figure 12. Imaging results of a single point target using linear wavefront radar
图 15 两种对比方法的单点目标成像结果
Figure 15. Imaging results of a single point target from two comparison methods
图 16 三种方法对多目标场景的三维成像结果
Figure 16. Three-dimensional imaging results of the three methods for the multi-target scenario
图 17 10 dB 信噪比下三种方法对多目标场景的三维成像结果
Figure 17. Three-dimensional imaging results of the three methods for the multi-target scenario at an SNR of 10 dB
表 1 线性波前雷达主要仿真参数
Table 1. Main simulation parameters of the linear wavefront radar
雷达参数 参数值 载频 10 GHz 带宽 100 MHz 脉冲宽度 10 us 发射天线孔径 0.6 m 阵元间距 0.015 m 阵元数 41 
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