合成孔径雷达波形设计研究进展与展望

金国栋; 张喜峰; 郑阳承; 王宇; 朱岱寅

doi:10.12000/JR25184

合成孔径雷达波形设计研究进展与展望

DOI: 10.12000/JR25184 CSTR: 32380.14.JR25184

金国栋^{1, 2, ,},
张喜峰¹,
郑阳承¹,
王宇¹,
朱岱寅^{1, 2}

1.
南京航空航天大学南京 211100
2.
南京航空航天大学深圳研究院深圳 518131

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(62101248, 62471221, 62501274)；江苏省自然科学基金(BK20210282)；广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2020B1515120060)；深圳市科技计划项目(JCYJ20230807142000001)；中央高校基本科研业务费专项基金(NT2023008)

详细信息

作者简介:
金国栋，博士，副研究员，博士生导师，主要研究方向为星载合成孔径雷达，雷达波形设计

张喜峰，博士生，主要研究方向为雷达信号处理、雷达波形优化、运动目标探测和SAR地面动目标指示

郑阳承，博士生，主要研究方向为雷达信号处理、雷达系统设计和MIMO-SAR成像技术

王　宇，博士，讲师，硕士生导师，主要研究方向为MIMO-SAR信号处理、阵列信号处理、SAR干扰与抗干扰技术

朱岱寅，博士，教授，博士生导师，主要研究方向为合成孔径雷达/逆合成孔径雷达(SAR/ISAR)成像以及自聚焦算法，干涉SAR成像，SAR地面动目标指示，以及机载雷达动目标指示技术

通讯作者:
金国栋 jinguodong@nuaa.edu.cn

责任主编：禹卫东 Corresponding Editor: YU Weidong

中图分类号: TN951
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-09-23
- 修回日期: 2026-01-29

Advances and Prospects in Synthetic Aperture Radar Waveform Design

1.
Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211100, China
2.
Shenzhen Research Institute, NanjingUniversity of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenzhen 518131, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (62101248); The Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20210282); The Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2020B1515120060); The Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (JCYJ20230807142000001); The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (NT2023008)

More Information

Corresponding author: Jin Guodong, jinguodong@nuaa.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 雷达通过发射波形接收并处理回波信号从而获取目标信息，因此发射波形性能是决定雷达系统性能的关键因素。相比于其他雷达体制，合成孔径雷达(SAR)具有分布式目标场景，大时间带宽积波形，大幅宽远距离成像，距离-方位耦合等独特的工作特性，这对SAR波形设计提出了更高的要求。基于该文作者在SAR波形编码领域相关的研究工作和思考，该文总结了SAR波形设计近年来国内外的研究现状，讨论了SAR波形设计面临的技术挑战和其在提升系统成像性能上的作用，并展望了未来SAR波形设计的研究和发展趋势。
- 合成孔径雷达 /
- 雷达波形设计 /
- 多输入多输出合成孔径雷达 /
- 模糊抑制 /
- 雷达抗干扰
Abstract: Radar systems acquire target information by transmitting waveforms, receiving echoes, and processing signals; thus, waveform performance is a critical determinant of radar system performance. Compared with other radar systems, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) operates under unique conditions, including distributed target scenes, waveforms with large time-bandwidth products, wide-swath and long-range imaging, and range–azimuth coupling. These characteristics impose additional stringent requirements on SAR waveform design. Drawing on the authors’ research and expertise in SAR waveform coding, this paper reviews recent domestic and international advances in SAR waveform design, discusses key technical challenges, and highlights the role of waveform design in enhancing system imaging performance. Finally, this study outlines future trends and potential directions for SAR waveform design methodologies.
- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) /
- Radar waveform design /
- Multiple-Input Multiple-Output SAR /
- Ambiguity suppression /
- Radar anti-jamming

HTML全文

图 1 不同波形频谱对比结果

Figure 1. Comparative spectrum of different waveform

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图 2 不同波形不匹配损失对比结果

Figure 2. Comparative straddling loss of different waveform

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图 3 相位编码与HFPFM波形优化后自相关函数结果对比

Figure 3. Comparative autocorrelation functions of the phase code and HFPFM waveforms after optimizations

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图 4 不同波形模糊函数对比结果

Figure 4. Comparative ambiguous functions of different waveforms

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图 5 实测雷达系统

Figure 5. Real radar system

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图 6 实测雷达输出不同波形频谱对比结果

Figure 6. Comparative spectrum of different waveform after the transmitter

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图 7 实测雷达输出不同波形不匹配损失对比结果

Figure 7. Comparative straddling loss of different waveform after the transmitter

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图 8 基于POSP原理的NLFM波形机载挂飞试验^[52]

Figure 8. Demonstration of airborne with NLFM based on POSP^[52]

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图 9 NLFM波形生成器^[56]

Figure 9. NLFM waveform generator^[56]

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图 10 陆探1号星载SAR系统使用不同波形的成像结果^[55]

Figure 10. The imaging results of LuTan-1 spaceborne SAR system uses different waveforms^[55]

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图 11 同一区域的光学图像和优化NLFM波形成像结果^[60]

Figure 11. Optical imaging result and optimized NLFM waveform imaging result of the same rigion^[60]

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图 12 星下点模糊抑制实验验证结果^[69]

Figure 12. Experimental results of nadir ambiguity suppression verification^[69]

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图 13 机载SAR极化模糊抑制实验结果^[98]

Figure 13. Experimental results of polarization Ambiguity Suppression for Airborne SAR^[98]

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图 14 经过优化的四波形的自相关函数

Figure 14. Autocorrelation functions of the four-waveform optimized set

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图 15 经过优化的四波形的互相关函数

Figure 15. Cross-correlation function of the four-waveform optimized set

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图 16 实测雷达系统图

Figure 16. Measured radar system

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图 17 基于四波形的波形分离实验的自相关函数

Figure 17. Autocorrelation functions of waveform separation experiment for four waveforms

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图 18 多波形时序图

Figure 18. Multi-Waveform Timing Diagram

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图 19 实测验证成像结果

Figure 19. Experimental verification of imaging results

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图 20 STC发射波形示意图

Figure 20. Schematic diagram of the STC transmission waveform

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图 21 SPC回波分离方案流程图

Figure 21. Flowchart of SPC echo separation scheme

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图 22 基于SPC波形波束赋形方案和2T16R-SAR的混合回波分离后的实验结果^[143]

Figure 22. Experimental results of mixed echo separation based on SPC waveform beamforming scheme and 2T16R-SAR

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表 1 相位编码和频率调制波形特性对SAR系统性能的影响对比

Table 1. Comparative waveform properties of the phase code and frequency modulation for SAR systems

波形性能	对SAR系统性能影响	相位编码	频率调制
复信号采样率	回波数据量	整数倍采样	>1
带内能量占比	发射功率损失	低	高
主瓣宽度	距离分辨率	不展宽	展宽，可优化
PSLR	弱目标成像性能	较低，可优化	极低
ISLR	成像背景噪声	较高，可优化	极低
高自由度参数化编码	波形优化/实时生成能力	具备	不具备

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表 2 不同波形性能指标对比结果

Table 2. Waveform performance comparison of different waveforms

波形	编码长度	带内能量占比		PSLR
波形	编码长度	仿真	实测	仿真	实测
相位编码	800	89.0	89.0	–41.13	–40.37
PCFM	800	99.8	99.7	–43.57	–43.04
零阶HFPFM	800	99.7	99.7	–43.68	–43.11
零阶HFPFM	49	98.3	98.3	–28.36	–27.74
一阶HFPFM	801	99.8	99.7	–43.57	–43.09
一阶HFPFM	50	99.7	99.6	–43.59	–43.04
二阶HFPFM	801	99.7	99.7	–43.56	–43.07
二阶HFPFM	50	99.6	99.4	–41.84	–41.32
混合阶HFPFM	801	99.7	99.7	–45.19	–44.89
混合阶HFPFM	50	99.7	99.7	–45.14	–44.82

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1 基于POSP的非线性调频波形设计方法

1. The generation method of the NLFM waveform based on POSP

Step1: 选择满足需求的窗函数作为功率谱密度函数$ P(f) $，例如泰勒窗等典型加权函数。
Step2: 计算群时延函数$ Q\left(f\right)=\displaystyle\int\nolimits_{0}^{f}\dfrac{P\left(f\right)}{C}{\mathrm{d}}f $，其中$ C=\dfrac{1}{T}\displaystyle\int\nolimits_{-B/2}^{B/2}P(f){\mathrm{d}}f $。
Step3: 计算瞬时频率函数$ f\left(t\right)={Q}^{-1}\left(f\right) $。
Step4: 计算非线性调频信号$ s\left(t\right)=\mathrm{rect}\left(\dfrac{t}{T}\right)\exp \left({\mathrm{j}}2\text{π} \left(\displaystyle\int\nolimits_{0}^{t}f\left(\tau \right){\mathrm{d}}\tau \right)\right) $。

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表 3 不同发射信号的距离向切片的性能评价

Table 3. Quantified performance for the range profile of different transmitted signal

波形	3 dB主瓣宽度	PSLR (dB)
LFM 波形	0.91	–12.9
LFM加-35dB的泰勒窗	1.19	–26.1
LFM加-42dB的泰勒窗	1.28	–31.1
提出的NLFM信号	1.18	–31.0

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表 4 SAR图像信噪比评价结果(dB)

Table 4. SAR evaluation results of SAR image(dB)

区域	NLFM	LFM	信噪比提升
A	72.72	71.4	1.32
B	67.42	66.13	1.29
C	66.68	65.4	1.28
D	75.45	74.18	1.27

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表 5 不同波形的性能对比

Table 5. The performance comparison of different waveforms

波形	3 dB主瓣宽度	PSLR (dB)
LFM波形	0.88	–13.3
LFM作为初始化信号[60]	0.89	–18.5
NLFM作为初始化信号[60]	1.17	–40.2
LFM作为初始化信号[61]	0.89	–23.0
NLFM作为初始化信号[61]	1.13	–40
–23.3 dB泰勒窗加权的LFM波形	1	–23.0
–43 dB勒窗加权的LFM波形	1.27	–40.2

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