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Three-dimensional Tomographic Imaging of Urban Buildings and Structures Using Chinese Commercial SAR Satellite Data
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摘要: 单幅合成孔径雷达(SAR)影像仅能获取二维平面信息，传统多时相干涉SAR (InSAR)技术难以解决在城区表现尤为突出的叠掩问题。层析SAR (TomoSAR)技术的出现为获取三维信息提供了契机，同时也为解决叠掩问题给出了可行性方案。该技术依赖于对目标场景的多次重复观测，通过在高度向合成孔径提供第三维分辨能力。星载TomoSAR早期数据来源主要为TerraSAR-X, COSMO-SkyMed等国外卫星，这在一定程度上制约了国内TomoSAR技术的发展。近些年随着国内商业SAR卫星(如涪城一号、宏图一号等)的发射，丰富了数据获取来源，但目前已有的基于国产商业SAR卫星数据的城区建构筑物层析三维反演研究仍然较少。为了验证国产商业SAR卫星数据在城区层析三维参数反演方面的可用性以及在已有层析成像方法上的有效性，该文构建了城区TomoSAR三维反演框架，并利用长沙天仪空间科技研究院有限公司涪城一号和航天宏图信息技术股份有限公司宏图一号SAR卫星数据开展了城市建构筑物三维反演研究。实验结果验证了上述两个卫星系统的层析应用潜力，为后续深入研究和应用提供了先导性技术支撑。Abstract: A single Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image can capture only two-dimensional information, and traditional multitemporal Interferometric SAR (InSAR) techniques struggle with the layover problem, particularly in urban areas. SAR Tomography (TomoSAR) provides the advantage of obtaining three-dimensional (3-D) information while offering a feasible solution to the layover problem. This technique relies on repeated observations of the target scene to achieve 3-D resolution by synthesizing the aperture in the elevation direction. In China, early data sources for spaceborne TomoSAR primarily came from foreign satellites such as TerraSAR-X and COSMO-SkyMed, which constrained the development of the country’s TomoSAR technology. In recent years, the launch of Chinese commercial SAR satellites (e.g., Fucheng-1 and Hongtu-1) has expanded the range of data acquisition sources. However, studies on the tomographic 3-D inversion of urban buildings and structures using data from Chinese commercial SAR satellites remain limited. To validate the usability of Chinese commercial SAR satellite data in urban tomography 3-D parameter inversion and the effectiveness of applying these data to existing tomography imaging methods, this paper develops a 3-D inversion framework for urban TomoSAR and conducts a 3-D inversion study of urban buildings and structures using data from the Fucheng-1 satellite of Spacety Co., Ltd. (Changsha) and the Hongtu-1 SAR satellite of Piesat Information Technology Co., Ltd. The experimental results validate the potential of these two satellite systems for tomographic applications, providing pioneering technical support for future in-depth research and applications.
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图 4 涪城一号数据集时空基线分布
Figure 4. Spatial-temporal baseline distribution of Fucheng-1 dataset
图 6 宏图一号数据集时空基线分布
Figure 6. Spatial-temporal baseline distribution of Hongtu-1 dataset
图 9 涪城一号独栋建筑物不同方法反演结果对比
Figure 9. Comparison of inversion results of different methods for the single building of Fucheng-1
图 10 宏图一号独栋建筑物不同方法反演结果对比
Figure 10. Comparison of inversion results of different methods for the single building of Hongtu-1
图 13 涪城一号场景1层析反演三维点云
Figure 13. 3-D point cloud tomographic inversion of first scene of Fucheng-1
图 14 涪城一号建筑物水平剖面高程偏差
Figure 14. Height deviation of building horizontal profile of Fucheng-1
图 17 涪城一号场景2层析反演三维点云
Figure 17. 3-D point cloud tomographic inversion of second scene of Fucheng-1
图 19 涪城一号喀什数据集全场景高程反演结果
Figure 19. Full scene height inversion results for the Fucheng-1 Kashi dataset
图 22 宏图一号场景1层析反演三维点云
Figure 22. 3-D point cloud tomographic inversion of first scene of Hongtu-1
图 23 宏图一号建筑物水平剖面高程偏差
Figure 23. Height deviation of building horizontal profile of Hongtu-1
图 26 宏图一号场景2层析反演三维点云
Figure 26. 3-D point cloud tomographic inversion of second scene of Hongtu-1
图 28 宏图一号通州数据集全场景高程反演结果
Figure 28. Full scene height inversion results for the Hongtu-1 Tongzhou dataset
表 1 涪城一号数据集相关参数
Table 1. Parameters of Fucheng-1 dataset
参数 指标 轨道方向 升轨 成像模式 聚束 入射角 37.23° 极化方式 VV 波长 0.056 m 中心斜距 631.01 km 重访周期 11 d 载频 5.4 GHz 带宽 300 MHz 距离向像素间隔 0.45 m 方位向像素间隔 0.35 m 影像数 10 垂直基线跨度 100.44 m 高度向理论分辨率 174.51 m 
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表 2 宏图一号数据集相关参数
Table 2. Parameters of Hongtu-1 dataset
参数 指标 轨道方向 升轨 成像模式 条带 入射角 42.36° 极化方式 HH 波长 0.031 m 中心斜距 695.96 km 重访周期 15 d 载频 9.6 GHz 带宽 100 MHz 距离向像素间隔 0.75 m 方位向像素间隔 1.68 m 影像数 8 垂直基线跨度 394.18 m 高度向理论分辨率 27.57 m
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表 3 DPS估计精度统计
Table 3. DPS estimation accuracy statistics
数据集 方法 DPS探测率(%) RMSE (m) 涪城一号 Beamforming 65 31.70 Capon 50 40.71 MUSIC 50 40.71 SL1MMER 76 26.34 宏图一号 Beamforming 79 12.93 Capon 49 23.07 MUSIC 49 23.07 SL1MMER 87 7.98
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表 4 层析反演时长统计
Table 4. Time statistics for tomographic inversion
数据集 参考网 星型网 PSC数量 时长 PSC数量 时长 涪城一号 580111 8.56 h 13098408 18.32 h 宏图一号 465144 5.80 h 15429353 21.94 h
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