基于一种半经验双基杂波散射系数模型的星载双基雷达杂波抑制性能分析

陆晴; 邹子豪; 黄鹏辉; 陈筠力; 席沛丽; 刘艳阳; 万向成; 张双喜

doi:10.12000/JR25059

基于一种半经验双基杂波散射系数模型的星载双基雷达杂波抑制性能分析

DOI: 10.12000/JR25059 CSTR: 32380.14.JR25059

陆晴^1, ,,
邹子豪^2, ,,
黄鹏辉²,
陈筠力³,
席沛丽⁴,
刘艳阳⁴,
万向成⁴,
张双喜¹

1.
西北工业大学电子信息学院西安 710072
2.
上海交通大学电子信息与电气工程学院上海 200240
3.
上海航天技术研究院上海 201109
4.
上海卫星工程研究所上海 201109

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(62271406)

详细信息

作者简介:
陆　晴，博士生，主要研究方向为星载雷达系统设计及其应用等

邹子豪，博士生，主要研究方向为星载单基地/多基地雷达信号建模、空-时自适应处理等

黄鹏辉，副教授，博士生导师，主要研究方向为星载单基地/分布式/多基地雷达SAR-GMTI和AMTI信号处理、空-时自适应处理、海杂波建模与抑制、弱小目标积累检测与跟踪、星载SAR/HRWS-SAR/ISAR成像等

陈筠力，研究员，主要研究方向为微波遥感卫星总体设计

席沛丽，研究员，主要研究方向为微波遥感卫星总体设计

刘艳阳，研究员，主要研究方向为微波遥感卫星总体设计

万向成，研究员，主要研究方向为微波遥感卫星总体设计

张双喜，副教授，主要研究方向为SAR成像及动目标检测、干扰抑制、电磁散射建模等

通讯作者:
陆晴 luqingNWPU@163.com

邹子豪 zouzihao@sjtu.edu.cn

责任主编：李中余 Corresponding Editor: LI Zhongyu
中图分类号: TN957.51
计量
- 文章访问数:
- HTML全文浏览量:
- PDF下载量:
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-03-31
- 修回日期: 2025-05-26

Clutter Suppression Performance Analysis of Spaceborne Bistatic Radar Systems Based on a Semiempirical Bistatic Clutter Scattering Coefficient Model

1.
School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
2.
School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
3.
Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology, Shanghai 201109, China
4.
Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineering, Shanghai 201109, China

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (62271406)

More Information

Corresponding author: LU Qing, luqingNWPU@163.com; ZOU Zihao, zouzihao@sjtu.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 针对传统星载单基雷达系统弱小动目标检测工程实现代价大以及抗干扰能力差等问题，星载双基雷达系统利用收发分置特点，通过大方位双基角观测构型有效提高目标的雷达散射截面积，同时有效提升处于“静默”状态的接收机抗干扰能力。然而，相比于星载单基雷达系统，星载双基雷达系统的收发分置构型将导致背景杂波回波特性呈现明显的差异。针对传统经验杂波散射系数模型难以体现散射系数随方位双基角的变化趋势这一问题，该文提出一种基于双尺度模型的半经验双基杂波散射系数模型。所提模型基于电磁散射理论将经验单基后向散射系数模型转换成双基散射系数模型，并基于双尺度模型对散射系数进行修正。该文通过现有文献中的双基杂波散射系数实测结果对所提模型的准确性进行了验证。基于所提双基杂波散射系数模型，该文通过空-时自适应处理杂波抑制方法对不同方位双基角下星载双基雷达的杂波抑制性能进行了仿真分析。根据仿真结果可知，在HH极化下，当方位双基角在30°～130°时，杂波抑制性能相对较好，当方位双基角达到150°以上时，主瓣杂波能量显著增强，使得杂波抑制性能受到明显影响。
- 星载双基雷达 /
- 杂波散射系数模型 /
- 双尺度模型 /
- 杂波抑制 /
- 空-时自适应处理
Abstract: Conventional spaceborne monostatic radar systems incur huge engineering costs to achieve small moving-target detection and low anti-interference ability. By manipulating the transmitter-receiver separation in a spaceborne bistatic radar system, the target radar cross section can be effectively improved by adopting a configuration with a large azimuth bistatic angle, and the anti-interference ability can be improved because the receiver does not transmit signals. However, the characteristics of the background clutter echo in a spaceborne bistatic radar system differ drastically from those in a spaceborne monostatic radar system because of the transmitter-receiver separation in the former. To overcome the limitations of existing empirical clutter scattering coefficient models, which typically do not capture the variation of scattering coefficient with azimuth bistatic angle, this study proposes a semiempirical bistatic clutter scattering coefficient model based on the two-scale model. In the proposed model, an empirical clutter backscattering coefficient model can be converted to a bistatic clutter scattering coefficient model based on electromagnetic scattering theories, and the bistatic scattering coefficient is further modified based on the two-scale model. The proposed model was validated using real measured data of bistatic clutter scattering coefficients obtained from existing literature. Using the proposed model, clutter suppression performance under different azimuth bistatic angles was analyzed by employing space-time adaptive processing in spaceborne bistatic radar systems. Reportedly, under HH polarization, the clutter suppression performance was relatively good when the azimuth bistatic angle was 30°～130°, whereas the clutter suppression performance was considerably affected by large-power main-lobe clutter when the azimuth bistatic angle was >150°.
- Spaceborne bistatic radar /
- Clutter scattering coefficient model /
- Two-scale model /
- Clutter suppression /
- Space-Time Adaptive Processing (STAP)

HTML全文

图 1 双基杂波散射示意图

Figure 1. Diagram of bistatic clutter scattering

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 局部擦地角和局部方位双基角示意图

Figure 2. Diagram of local grazing angles and local azimuth bistatic angle

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 倾角的概率密度函数

Figure 3. Probability density function of inclination angle

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 倾斜方向角的概率密度函数

Figure 4. Probability density function of inclination direction angle

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 所提模型计算流程图

Figure 5. Flow chart of the calculation of the proposed model

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 5 级海况海杂波双基散射系数随方位双基角变化曲线

Figure 6. Bistatic scattering coefficient curves of level-5 sea clutter varying with azimuth bistatic angle

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 所提模型、双基 Gamma 模型与实测数据对比结果(实测数据来自Larson等人^[23])

Figure 7. Comparison of the proposed model, the bistatic Gamma model, and real measured data (real measured data are from Larso et al.^[23])

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 所提模型、双基 Gamma 模型与实测数据对比结果(实测数据来自Ulaby等人^[24])

Figure 8. Comparison of the proposed model, the bistatic Gamma model, and real measured data (real measured data are from Ulaby et al.^[24])

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 所提模型、双基Gamma模型与实测数据对比结果(实测数据来自Cost^[25])

Figure 9. Comparison of the proposed model, the bistatic Gamma model, and real measured data (real measured data are from Cost^[25])

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 所提模型、Al-Ashwal等人提出的模型与实测数据对比结果(实测数据来自Domville等人^[26])

Figure 10. Comparison of the proposed model, the model proposed by Al-Ashwal et al., and real measured data (real measured data are from Domville^[26])

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 极低擦地角下所提模型与实测数据对比结果(实测数据来自 Ewell^[27])

Figure 11. Comparison of the proposed model and real measured data under extremely low grazing angle (real measured data are from Ewell^[27])

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 12 不同星载双基构型下的丘陵杂波距离-多普勒谱

Figure 12. Range-Doppler spectrums of hill clutter under different bistatic configurations

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 13 不同星载双基构型下的丘陵杂波抑制后距离-多普勒谱

Figure 13. Range-Doppler spectrums of hill clutter after suppression under different bistatic configurations

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 14 不同星载双基构型下的目标输出 SCNR 曲线

Figure 14. Target output SNCR curves under different bistatic configurations

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 15 不同星载双基构型下的 5 级海况海杂波距离-多普勒谱

Figure 15. Range-Doppler spectrums of 5-level sea clutter under different bistatic configurations

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 16 不同星载双基构型下的 5 级海况海杂波抑制后距离-多普勒谱

Figure 16. Range-Doppler spectrums of 5-level sea clutter after suppression under different bistatic configurations

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 17 不同星载双基构型下的目标输出 SCNR 曲线

Figure 17. Target output SNCR curves under different bistatic configurations

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 雷达系统参数

Table 1. Radar system parameters

参数	数值
雷达载频	1.26 GHz
极化方式	HH
信号带宽	3 MHz
采样频率	3.6 MHz
平均发射功率	4 kW
脉冲重复频率	3000 Hz
积累时间内脉冲数	120
方位接收通道数	32
俯仰接收通道数	6
发射天线安装倾角	45°
接收天线安装倾角	45°
发射天线方位维/俯仰维尺寸	50 m/2 m
接收天线方位维/俯仰维尺寸	50 m/2 m
发射天线方位维/俯仰维加权	–13 dB / –13 dB(等幅加权)
接收天线方位维/俯仰维加权	–40 dB / –20 dB(切比雪夫加权)
发射天线幅度误差	0.5 dB
发射天线相位误差	5°
接收天线幅度误差	0.5 dB
接收天线相位误差	5°
噪声系数	2 dB
系统损耗	8 dB

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 发射卫星轨道参数与波束角度

Table 2. Orbital parameters and beam angles of transmitter

参数	数值
发射卫星轨道高度	508 km
发射卫星轨道倾角	90°
发射卫星轨道升交点赤经	9.24°
发射卫星轨道近地点辐角	0°
发射卫星真近点角	0°
发射波束中心下视角	60°
发射波束中心方位角	90°

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 接收卫星轨道参数与波束角度

Table 3. Orbital parameters and beam angles of receiver

参数	构型1	构型2	构型3	构型4	构型5	构型6	构型7	构型8	构型9
接收卫星轨道高度(km)	508	508	508	508	508	508	508	508	508
接收卫星轨道倾角(°)	99.87	119.57	139.12	158.05	170.76	158.05	139.12	119.57	99.87
接收卫星轨道升交点赤经(°)	9.38	10.64	14.20	25.44	90	154.56	165.80	169.36	170.62
接收卫星轨道近地点辐角(°)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
接收卫星真近点角(°)	1.62	5.30	10.83	23.81	90	156.19	169.17	174.70	178.38
接收波束中心下视角(°)	60	60	60	60	60	60	60	60	60
接收波束中心方位角(°)	90	90	90	90	90	90	90	90	90
波束中心方位双基角(°)	10	30	50	70	90	110	130	150	170

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 不同星载双基构型下的目标MDV (丘陵杂波)

Table 4. Target MDVs under different bistatic configurations (hill clutter)

构型	目标MDV
构型1(γ=10°)	66.6 m/s
构型2(γ=30°)	18.2 m/s
构型3(γ=50°)	15.1 m/s
构型4(γ=70°)	15.1 m/s
构型5(γ=90°)	15.1 m/s
构型6(γ=110°)	15.1 m/s
构型7(γ=130°)	15.1 m/s
构型8(γ=150°)	39.3 m/s
构型9(γ=170°)	87.8 m/s

下载: 导出CSV

表 5 不同星载双基构型下的目标MDV (5级海况海杂波)

Table 5. Target MDVs under different bistatic configurations (5-level sea clutter)

构型	目标MDV
构型1(γ=10°)	33.3 m/s
构型2(γ=30°)	15.1 m/s
构型3(γ=50°)	15.1 m/s
构型4(γ=70°)	12.1 m/s
构型5(γ=90°)	6.1 m/s
构型6(γ=110°)	12.1 m/s
构型7(γ=130°)	15.1 m/s
构型8(γ=150°)	39.3 m/s
构型9(γ=170°)	93.8 m/s

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(29)

[1]	ROSEN P A and DAVIS M E. A joint space-borne radar technology demonstration mission for NASA and the air force[C]. 2020 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.03TH8652), Big Sky, USA, 2003: 437–444. doi: 10.1109/AERO.2003.1235073.
[2]	FIEDLER S and PREISS B. Geosynchronous space based radar concept development for theater surveillance[C]. 1996 IEEE Aerospace Applications Conference. Proceedings, Aspen, USA, 1996: 77–90. doi: 10.1109/AERO.1996.499404.
[3]	王增福, 杨广宇, 金术玲. 考虑综合性能最优的非短视快速天基雷达多目标跟踪资源调度算法[J]. 雷达学报, 2024, 13(1): 253–269. doi: 10.12000/JR23162. WANG Zengfu, YANG Guangyu, and JIN Shuling. A non-myopic and fast resource scheduling algorithm for multi-target tracking of space-based radar considering optimal integrated performance[J]. Journal of Radars, 2024, 13(1): 253–269. doi: 10.12000/JR23162.
[4]	ZOU Zihao, MA Jingtao, HUANG Penghui, et al. Multichannel sea clutter modeling and clutter suppression performance analysis for spaceborne bistatic surveillance radar systems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2024, 62: 5108424. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2024.3424562.
[5]	WANG Jianbo, YE Jianyu, WU Xiaoliang, et al. RCS statistical modeling of stealth targets based on fractional-order Legendre polynomials[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2023, 59(6): 9807–9820. doi: 10.1109/TAES.2023.3309613.
[6]	ZHU Lei, LIANG Xiaolong, LI Jiong, et al. Simulation analysis on static scattering characteristics of stealth aircraft[C]. 2016 IEEE Advanced Information Management, Communicates, Electronic and Automation Control Conference, Xi’an, China, 2016: 1774–1778. doi: 10.1109/IMCEC.2016.7867524.
[7]	GUTTRICH G L, SIEVERS W E, and TOMLJANOVICH N M. Wide area surveillance concepts based on geosynchronous illumination and bistatic unmanned airborne vehicles or satellite reception[C]. 1997 IEEE National Radar Conference, Syracuse, USA, 1997: 126–131. doi: 10.1109/NRC.1997.588225.
[8]	BARTON D K. Land clutter models for radar design and analysis[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1985, 73(2): 198–204. doi: 10.1109/PROC.1985.13133.
[9]	MORCHIN W C. Airborne Early Warning Radar[M]. Norwood, USA: Artech House, 1990: 147-153.
[10]	HORST M M, DYER F B, and TULEY M T. Radar sea clutter model[C]. International IEEE AP/S URSI Symposium, Washington, USA, 1978: 6–10.
[11]	ANTIPOV I. Simulation of sea clutter returns[R]. DSTO-TR-0679, 1998.
[12]	REILLY J P and DOCKERY G D. Influence of evaporation ducts on radar sea return[J]. IEE Proceedings F – Radar and Signal Processing, 1990, 137(2): 80–88. doi: 10.1049/ip-f-2.1990.0012.
[13]	GREGERS-HANSEN V and MITAL R. An improved empirical model for radar sea clutter reflectivity[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2012, 48(4): 3512–3524. doi: 10.1109/TAES.2012.6324732.
[14]	WILLIS N J. Bistatic Radar[M]. 2nd ed. Raleigh, USA: SciTech, 2005: 157–171.
[15]	AL-ASHWAL W A, GRIFFITHS H D, and WOODBRIDGE K. An empirical model for bistatic sea clutter normalised radar cross section[C]. IET International Conference on Radar Systems, Glasgow, UK, 2012: 1–5. doi: 10.1049/cp.2012.1672.
[16]	GRIFFITHS H D, AL-ASHWAL W A, WARD K D, et al. Measurement and modelling of bistatic radar sea clutter[J]. IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, 2010, 4(2): 280–292. doi: 10.1049/iet-rsn.2009.0124.
[17]	谢文冲, 段克清, 王永良. 机载雷达空时自适应处理技术研究综述[J]. 雷达学报, 2017, 6(6): 575–586. doi: 10.12000/JR17073. XIE Wenchong, DUAN Keqing, and WANG Yongliang. Space time adaptive processing technique for airborne radar: An overview of its development and prospects[J]. Journal of Radars, 2017, 6(6): 575–586. doi: 10.12000/JR17073.
[18]	JOHNSON J T, BAKER C J, SMITH G E, et al. The monostatic-bistatic equivalence theorem and bistatic radar clutter[C]. 2014 11th European Radar Conference, Rome, Italy, 2014: 105–108. doi: 10.1109/EuRAD.2014.6991218.
[19]	JOHNSON J T and OUELLETTE J D. Polarization features in bistatic scattering from rough surfaces[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2014, 52(3): 1616–1626. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2013.2252909.
[20]	SKOLNIK M I. Radar Handbook[M]. 3rd ed. New York, USA: McGraw-Hill, 2008: 15.30–15.32.
[21]	PIERSON W J and MOSKOWITZ L. A proposed spectral form for fully developed wind seas based on the similarity theory of S. A. Kitaigorodskii[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1964, 69(24): 5181–5190. doi: 10.1029/JZ069i024p05181.
[22]	CHASE J, COTE L J, MARKS W, et al. The directional spectrum of a wind generated sea as determined from data obtained by the Stereo Wave Observation Project[R]. 1957.
[23]	LARSON R W, MAFFETT A L, HEIMILLER R C, et al. Bistatic clutter measurements[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1978, 26(6): 801–804. doi: 10.1109/TAP.1978.1141947.
[24]	ULABY F T, VAN DEVENTER T E, EAST J R, et al. Millimeter-wave bistatic scattering from ground and vegetation targets[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1988, 26(3): 229–243. doi: 10.1109/36.3026.
[25]	COST S T. Measurements of the bistatic echo area of terrain at X-band[R]. 1965.
[26]	DOMVILLE A R. The bistatic reflection from land and sea of X-band radio waves[R]. 1967.
[27]	EWELL G W. Bistatic Radar Cross Section Measurements[M]// CURRIE N C. Techniques of Radar Reflectivity Measurement. Dedham, USA: Artech House, 1984: Chapter 7.
[28]	HALE T B, TEMPLE M A, RAQUET J F, et al. Localized three-dimensional adaptive spatial-temporal processing for airborne radar[C]. RADAR 2002, Edinburgh, UK, 2002: 191–195. doi: 10.1109/RADAR.2002.1174680.
[29]	段克清, 李雨凡, 杨兴家, 等. 天基预警雷达低自由度STAP方法研究[J]. 雷达学报, 2022, 11(5): 871–883. doi: 10.12000/JR22075. DUAN Keqing, LI Yufan, YANG Xingjia, et al. Reduced degrees of freedom in space-time adaptive processing for space-based early warning radar[J]. Journal of Radars, 2022, 11(5): 871–883. doi: 10.12000/JR22075.