基于低轨通信卫星信号的外辐射源雷达技术:综述与展望

傅鸿伟 张章 罗宇 周志超 陈展野 简鑫 察豪

傅鸿伟, 张章, 罗宇, 等. 基于低轨通信卫星信号的外辐射源雷达技术:综述与展望[J]. 雷达学报(中英文), 待出版. doi: 10.12000/JR24219
引用本文: 傅鸿伟, 张章, 罗宇, 等. 基于低轨通信卫星信号的外辐射源雷达技术:综述与展望[J]. 雷达学报(中英文), 待出版. doi: 10.12000/JR24219
FU Hongwei, ZHANG Zhang, LUO Yu, et al. Passive radar using LEO communication satellite signals: an overview and prospect[J]. Journal of Radars, in press. doi: 10.12000/JR24219
Citation: FU Hongwei, ZHANG Zhang, LUO Yu, et al. Passive radar using LEO communication satellite signals: an overview and prospect[J]. Journal of Radars, in press. doi: 10.12000/JR24219

基于低轨通信卫星信号的外辐射源雷达技术:综述与展望

DOI: 10.12000/JR24219 CSTR: 32380.14.JR24219
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金 (U21A20448),中央高校基本科研业务费(2024CDJGF-012)
详细信息
    作者简介:

    傅鸿伟,博士生,主要研究方向为外辐射源雷达、雷达信号处理等

    张 章,硕士生,主要研究方向为外辐射源雷达、通探智能协同等

    罗 宇,博士生,主要研究方向为目标检测和跟踪、目标运动估计等

    周志超,硕士生,主要研究方向为外辐射源雷达、通探智能协同等

    陈展野,博士,副教授,主要研究方向为新型电磁调控系统信息处理、雷达数字仿真与数据增广以及雷达运动目标检测等

    简 鑫,博士,副教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为应用统计数学、低轨卫星互联网、通探智能协同、分布式电磁安全等

    察 豪,博士,研究员,主要研究方向为雷达总体设计

    通讯作者:

    简鑫 jianxin@cqu.edu.cn

    察豪 0909041006@nue.edu.cn

  • 责任主编:万显荣 Corresponding Editor: WAN Xianrong
  • 中图分类号: TN951

Passive Radar using LEO Communication Satellite Signals: an Overview and Prospect

Funds: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (U21A20448), The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2024CDJGF-012)
More Information
  • 摘要: 相较于地基外辐射源雷达,基于卫星信号的外辐射源雷达(即卫星信号外辐射源雷达)具有全球、全时、全天候覆盖等优势,可弥补地基外辐射源雷达在海上覆盖范围不足的限制;相较于中高轨卫星信号,低轨通信卫星信号具有接收功率强、卫星数目多等优势,可为海上目标无源探测提供可观的探测距离与探测精度。面向未来发展需求,该文详细论述了卫星信号外辐射源雷达研究现状与应用前景,给出了以铱星、星链两类低轨通信卫星系统构建高低频宽窄带融合的低轨通信卫星信号外辐射源雷达系统的可行性分析,据此总结了研发低轨通信卫星信号外辐射源雷达系统面临的技术挑战与候选解决思路。上述研究可为广域范围内,外辐射源雷达探测提供重要参考。

     

  • 图  1  卫星信号外辐射源雷达探测示意图

    Figure  1.  System architecture of passive radar using satellite signals

    图  2  卫星轨道高度、有效全向辐射功率(EIRP)与地球表面接收信号功率密度的关系

    Figure  2.  Relationship between orbital height, Effective Isotropic Radiated Power and received signal power

    图  3  铱星星座部署示意图

    Figure  3.  Planar graph of Iridium constellation

    图  4  铱星星座单星波束覆盖示意图

    Figure  4.  Beam coverage of single Iridium satellite

    图  5  第一期星链轨道正视图和俯视图

    Figure  5.  Front view and top view of the first phase of Starlink

    图  6  铱星系统架构

    Figure  6.  Iridium system architecture

    图  7  铱星用户链路频率分配

    Figure  7.  Iridium user-link frequency allocation

    图  8  铱星用户链路TDMA帧结构

    Figure  8.  Iridium user-link TDMA frame structure

    图  9  铱星物理层信道帧格式

    Figure  9.  Iridium physical layer channel frame format

    图  10  星链系统架构

    Figure  10.  Starlink system architecture

    图  11  星链用户下行链路帧结构

    Figure  11.  Starlink user-downlink frame structure

    图  12  铱星、星链、GPS、DVB-S外辐射源雷达的最大探测距离与相干时间、RCS的关系

    Figure  12.  Relationship between maximum detection range and coherent time and RCS for passive radar using Iridium, Starlink, GPS, DVB-S signals

    图  13  STL信号模糊函数图

    Figure  13.  STL signal ambiguity function

    图  14  STL信号模糊函数多普勒切面及时延切面

    Figure  14.  Doppler and delay dimension of STL signal ambiguity function

    图  15  星链信号模糊函数图

    Figure  15.  Starlink signal ambiguity function

    图  16  星链信号模糊函数多普勒切面及时延切面

    Figure  16.  Doppler and delay dimension of Starlink signal ambiguity function

    图  17  多频段多带宽多星源高灵敏度接收机技术挑战

    Figure  17.  Technical challenges of multi-band, multi-bandwidth, multi-satellite and high-performance receiver design

    图  18  低轨通信卫星信号外辐射源雷达非均匀空时杂波抑制技术挑战

    Figure  18.  Technical challenges of non-uniform space-time clutter suppression for passive radar using LEO communication satellite signals

    图  19  低轨通信卫星信号外辐射源雷达非均匀空时杂波抑制技术框图

    Figure  19.  Technical diagram of non-uniform space-time clutter suppression for passive radar using LEO communication satellite signals

    图  20  仿真场景图

    Figure  20.  Simulation scene diagram

    图  21  未抑制前的时延维模糊函数图

    Figure  21.  Delay dimension of ambiguity function diagram before suppression

    图  22  抑制后的时延维模糊函数

    Figure  22.  Delay dimension of ambiguity function diagram after suppression

    图  23  低轨通信卫星信号外辐射源雷达多源联合目标检测技术挑战

    Figure  23.  Technical challenges of multi-dimensional fusion target detection for passive radar using LEO communication satellite signals

    图  24  低轨通信卫星信号外辐射源雷达多源联合目标检测技术框图

    Figure  24.  Technical diagram of multi-source fused target detection for passive radar using LEO communication satellite signals

    表  1  基于GNSS信号的外辐射源雷达研究现状

    Table  1.   Research status of passive radar using GNSS signals

    参考文献年份第一作者研究机构外辐射源研究内容备注
    [29]1995德国GPS, GLONASS验证卫星信号与目标回波信号相关性实验
    [30]1999昆士兰科技大学GPS, GLONASS提取目标三维轨迹实现目标探测实验
    [31]2002昆士兰科技大学GPS空中目标探测距离理论计算理论
    [32]2011保加利亚IICTGPS功率预算和最大目标探测距离分析理论
    [33,34]2018伯明翰大学Galileo提出长短时相干-非相关积累融合的长时积累算法实验
    [35]2019圣彼得堡国立电子工程技术大学GPS, GLONASS几何模型估计及空中目标探测范围计算理论
    [36,37]2023罗马大学Galileo改进的同时目标探测与定位算法实验
    [38]2001解放军电子工程学院GPS利用4颗卫星经过目标散射后的时间差估计目标信息理论
    [39,40]2004西安电子科技大学GPS通过对回波信号进行多普勒补偿提升微弱目标探测能力理论
    [41]2005北京理工大学GNSS热噪声及同频干扰下目标检测性能分析理论
    [42]2009北京航空航天大学GPS提出利用导航卫星信号实现空间飞行器的远程定位方法实验
    [43]2010国防科技大学GPS, 北斗探测距离、模糊函数等对比分析理论
    [44]2014南京电子技术研究所GPS可探测时间、直达波抑制、辐射源数多角度探测性能分析理论
    [45]2015中国空间技术研究院GPS多发单收的双基地雷达新体制理论
    [46]2017西安电子科技大学GPS多星数据融合的微弱回波信号检测算法理论
    [47]2019西安电子科技大学GPS基于北斗二代卫星信号外辐射源雷达系统的信号处理方法理论
    [48]2020香港理工大学GPS研究了利用目标运动特点聚集目标回波能量的目标探测方法实验
    [4951]2022电子科技大学北斗世界上第一个基于北斗的无源雷达舰艇目标检测海上实验实验
    [52]2022北京航空航天大学GPS改进的多帧长时积累算法与空中动目标探测实验
    [53]2023香港理工大学GPS融合图像处理与多普勒历史的长时间移动目标检测处理技术理论
    [54]2023国防科技大学GPS搭建软件无线电接收平台并对接收的参考信号进行重构实验
    [55]2024北京航空航天大学GPS两阶段由粗到细的多普勒频移补偿提升长时间积累能力实验
    [56]2024北京航空航天大学GNSS提出针对GNSS的基于高度角随机模型的定位算法实验
    [57]2024北京卫星信息工程研究所GNSS、北斗提出多颗北斗卫星协同的相干合成孔径成像方法实验
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  基于DVB-S信号的外辐射源雷达研究现状

    Table  2.   Research status of passive radar using DVB-S signals

    参考文献年份第一作者研究机构外辐射源研究内容备注
    [58]1992伦敦大学DVB-S研究了基于马可波罗1号卫星信号的外辐射源雷达回波信号信噪比实验
    [59]2011里斯本高等教育学院DVB-S测试了DVB-S作为辐射源的探测性能与自适应滤波算法去噪性能实验
    [6062]2019弗劳恩霍夫高频物理和雷达技术研究所DVB-S探索了DVB-S作为辐射源时极化分集对ISAR目标探测能力的提升实验
    [6365]2020罗马大学DVB-S搭建了基于DVB-S信号的外辐射源雷达试验系统,研究了非相干积累、
    相干长时积累与极化分集的探测性能
    实验
    [66]2022意大利
    RaSS国家实验室
    DVB-S/S2探索了基于DVB-S/S2信号的外辐射源雷达探测低轨道空间驻留目标的可行性理论
    [67]2024华沙理工大学DVB-S2探索了DVB-S作为辐射源时极化分集对探测概率的提升实验
    [68]2012中国科学院DVB-S基于DVB-S信号的外辐射源雷达几何结构、信号模糊函数及分辨特性理论
    [69,70]2013中国科学技术大学DVB-S利用APStar-5卫星信号进行外场实验,初步实现了目标回波信号检测实验
    [71]2014中国科学技术大学DVB-S探究了最大探测距离和距离分辨率性能实验
    [72]2016西安电子科技大学DVB-S基于多个异构卫星信息融合的微弱回波信号检测理论
    [73,74]2019浙江大学DVB-S基于加权融合的多信道联合检测方法理论
    [75]2021电子科技大学DVB-S基于Radon-Fourier变换的多频道积累检测算法理论
    [76]2023武汉大学DVB-S搭建DVB-S信号接收系统成功接收信号并探测到2km外的目标实验
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  基于铱星、星链信号的外辐射源雷达研究现状

    Table  3.   Research status of passive radar using Iridium and Starlink signals

    参考文献年份第一作者研究机构外辐射源研究内容备注
    [79]2002伯明翰大学铱星利用模拟的铱星信号开展空中目标探测实验理论
    [80,81]2016伯明翰大学铱星模糊函数特性分析理论
    [82]2019伯明翰大学星链基于雷达方程的探测威力分析理论
    [27,83]2022华沙理工大学星链基于雷达方程的探测威力分析与软件无线电接收机设计方案理论
    [8486]2022弗劳恩霍夫高频物理和雷达技术研究所星链
    一网
    基于雷达方程的探测威力与模糊函数特性分析、
    软件无线电接收机设计方案
    理论
    [87]2023国防科技大学星链基于雷达方程的探测威力、可观测时间与距离-多普勒徙动分析理论
    [88,89]2024电子科技大学OFDM基于低轨星座OFDM信号的外辐射源雷达信号处理算法仿真验证理论
    [90]2024华沙理工大学星链无源SAR成像试验验证试验
    [91]2024武汉大学星链验证了在低轨卫星照射源前向散射区进行目标探测的有效性试验
    [92]2024重庆大学铱星基于雷达方程的探测威力与模糊函数特性分析、改进的杂波抑制算法理论
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4  国内外典型低轨星座的轨道参数概述

    Table  4.   System parameters of typical LEO constellations

    时间 星座名称 运营单位 轨道高度
    (km)
    星座构型 卫星数量
    (计划)
    星间链路 应用场景
    2015 星链 美国太空探索技术公司 328~614 独特轨道 40000+ 宽带互联网
    物联网
    2016 铱星 美国铱星公司 780 近极轨道 66 物联网
    2016 轨道通信 美国卫星通信公司 800~1000 倾斜轨道 100+ 宽带互联网
    物联网
    2016 哨兵 欧洲航天局 693 倾斜轨道 12 国防
    2016 一网 一网卫星公司 1200 近极轨道 1980 高速电信网络
    2018 行云工程 中国航天科技集团 800
    1400
    倾斜轨道 80 窄带物联网
    2018 虹云工程 中国航天科工集团 1040 倾斜轨道 156 天基WiFi
    2018 鸿雁星座 1100 近极轨道 360 宽带互联网
    物联网
    2019 柯伊伯 美国亚马逊 610/630 倾斜轨道 3236 宽带互联网
    物联网
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5  国内外典型卫星星座的信号参数概述

    Table  5.   System parameters for typical satellite signals

    低轨星座
    (建设时间)
    轨道高度
    (km)
    工作频段
    (用户下行链路)
    信号带宽 通信体制 调制方式 单波束覆
    盖范围
    是否
    全球覆盖
    EIRP
    (dBW)
    铱星
    (2019年)
    780 L: 16161626.5 MHz 31.50 kHz TDMA,FDMA BPSK,QPSK 480~
    670 km
    28~45
    星链
    (2016年)
    550 X: 10.7~12.7 GHz 250 MHz MF-TDMA、OFDMA 16-256APSK 20~50 km 27.6~32.3
    GPS
    (1993年)
    20200 L: 1575.42 MHz、1227.60 MHz L1: 2.046MHz
    L5: 10.23MHz
    CDMA BPSK 38%地表 28
    北斗
    (2020年)
    21500
    (MEO)
    L: 1561.098 MHz B1I: 4.092MHz、
    B3I: 20.46 MHz
    CDMA BPSK 38%地表 40
    DVB-S
    (1994年)
    36000 X: 10.7~12.7 GHz 7 MHz, 36 MHz
    54 MHz, 72 MHz
    MF-TDMA QPSK 40%地表 否,仅陆地或近海 51~54
    DVB-S2
    (2005年)
    36000 X: 10.7~12.7 GHz 54 MHz MF-TDMA 4/8PSK, 16/32APSK 40%地表 否,仅陆地或近海 52
    DVB-S2X
    (2014年)
    36000 X: 10.7~12.7 GHz 250~
    500 MHz
    MF-TDMA 2-8 PSK,
    16-256APSK
    40%地表 否,仅陆地或近海 52
    INMARSAT4
    (2012年)
    36000 L:15251559 MHz 200 kHz MF-TDMA QPSK, 16QAM 40%地表 否,+/–75o 67
    INMARSAT5
    (2013年)
    Ka: 19.7~20.2 GHz 40 MHz MF-TDMA 4/8PSK, 16/32APSK 40%地表 否,+/–75o 51~54
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  6  铱星轨道参数

    Table  6.   Iridium orbit parameters

    轨道信息参数
    轨道平面数量6个
    每个轨道面卫星数量11(+1)颗
    地面备份卫星数量9颗
    轨道周期101 min
    轨道高度780 km
    轨道倾角86.4°
    相邻轨道夹角31.6/22°
    运行速度277088 km/h
    最大可视时间15 min
    卫星飞行速度7.46 km/s
    可见半角27°
    最大斜高3249 km
    最大斜距6498 km
    最大地表范围5940 km
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  7  铱星用户链路通信体制

    Table  7.   Iridium user-link communication parameters

    参数 数值
    带宽 31.5 kHz
    功率 200W
    速率 128 kbit/s(星-移动端)、1.5 Mbit/s(星-Iridium OpenPort终端)、8 Mbit/s(高速Ka-Band服务将可用于较大的固定和可移动终端)
    调制方式 QPSK(DEQPSK)
    波束 高椭圆形波束(固定)
    单卫星波束覆盖 4700 km(直径)
    极化方式 右旋圆极化
    多址方式 FDMA/TDMA/SDMA/TDD
    纠错编码方式 FEC卷积码
    脉冲成型方式 40%均方根升余弦脉冲成型
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  8  星链通信体制

    Table  8.   Starlink communication parameters

    参数 数值(上行) 数值(下行)
    用户链路带宽 125 MHz×4 250 MHz×8
    调制方式 256APSK(编码率3/4) 16APSK(编码率3/4)
    功率 66.89 dBm(卫星段天线最大发射功率)
    2.44 W(用户终端天线)
    波束 圆形波束(可单独成形与控制)
    卫星波束覆盖 2800 km2
    极化方式 右旋圆极化
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  9  符号解释

    Table  9.   Symbol definition

    参数 含义
    $ {D_{{\text{dir}}}} $ 卫星信号照射到直达波接收天线时的功率密度
    $ {P_{\mathrm{t}}} $ 卫星信号发射功率
    $ {G_{\mathrm{t}}} $ 卫星天线方向增益
    $ {R_0} $ 卫星距离地面的高度
    $ {L_{\mathrm{t}}} $ 传输损耗
    $ {\text{EIRP}} $ 卫星等效全向辐射功率
    A 接收天线等效面积
    $ \lambda $ 卫星信号载波波长
    G 接收天线增益
    $ {P_{{\text{dir}}}} $ 直达波信号功率
    $ {G_{{\text{proc}}}} $ 相干处理增益
    $ {P_{\text{N}}} $ 接收机噪声功率
    K 玻尔兹曼常数
    T 接收机噪声温度
    B 接收机带宽
    F 接收机噪声系数
    $ {\text{SN}}{{\text{R}}_{{\text{dir}}}} $ 直达波信噪比
    f 载波频率
    $ {D_{{\text{re}}}} $ 目标回波信号的功率密度
    R 目标到接收天线的距离
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  10  卫星信号外辐射源雷达系统链路参数

    Table  10.   Link budget parameters of passive radar using satellite signals

    系统组成 参数 一网 铱星II 星链 GPS DVB-S
    外辐射源 EIRP (dBW) 37 28 22 24 51.7
    $ {R_0}({\text{km}}) $ 1200 780 330 20200 36000
    $ f ({\text{GHz}}) $ 11.7 1.626 11.7 1.56 12
    接收系统 $ G/{\text{dB}} $ 25 25 30 25 30
    $ K{\mathrm{J}}({}^\circ) $ 1.38×10–23 1.38×10–23 1.38×10–23 1.38×10–23 1.38×10–23
    $ T/{\text{K}} $ 290 290 290 290 290
    $ B({\text{MHz}} )$ 250 31.5kHz 250 10.23 36
    $ F({\text{dB}}) $ 3 3 3 3 3
    $ {\text{Loss}}({\text{dB}}) $ 5 5 5 5 5
    $ {T_{\rm{int} }}({\text{s}} )$ 0~2 0~2 0~2 0~2 0~2
    $ {\text{SN}}{{\text{R}}_{{\text{min}}}}({\text{dB}}) $ 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2
    目标 $ \sigma /{{\text{m}}^{\text{2}}} $ 10/50/100 10/50/100 10/50/100 10/50/100 10/50/100
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  11  卫星信号外辐射源雷达系统直达波功率

    Table  11.   SNR of direct wave of passive radar using satellite signals

    外辐射源(卫星) 直达波功率$ {P_{{\text{dir}}}}{\text{(dBm}}) $
    一网 –88.4
    铱星 –76.5
    星链 –87.2
    GPS –108.4
    DVB-S –98.5
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  12  回波通道的信号特性

    Table  12.   Simulate the signal characteristics of the echo channel

    类型 时延范围(μs) 多普勒范围(Hz) 杂噪比(dB)
    多普勒杂波 0~30 –400~400 –5~30
    目标 25~60 –800~–300, 300~800 –20~–10
    下载: 导出CSV
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