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摘要: 相较于稀疏标量阵列和均匀多极化阵列，稀疏多极化阵列由于其可感知信号的极化状态、避免极化失配以及增加阵列自由度、减小互耦效应与降低硬件成本等优点，对其进行系统性研究具有重要的应用价值和理论指导意义。稀疏多极化阵列的设计较之于稀疏标量阵列的设计更加多样化，因其不仅与天线阵元位置有关，还与天线阵元极化种类和阵元指向等因素有关。该文首先对近年来该领域内相关研究进行归纳总结，从非均匀稀疏、均匀稀疏、混合均匀与非均匀稀疏3种稀疏方式出发，介绍和探究了主流稀疏多极化阵列结构优化方式，然后从基于深度学习的稀疏多极化阵列优化设计、稀疏多极化多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达、稀疏极化频率分集阵(PFDA)雷达和稀疏PFDA-MIMO雷达、稀疏多极化智能超表面以及稀疏多极化阵列在家居智能通信和工业物联网等复杂室内场景下的应用等方面对未来的发展方向进行了展望。Abstract: As compared with sparse scalar arrays and uniform diversely polarized arrays, sparse diversely polarized arrays show respectively advantages of possessing the ability of sensing the polarization state of source signals, avoiding polarization mismatch and increasing the degrees of freedom, reducing mutual coupling, decreasing hardware cost, etc. Therefore, the comprehensive research on sparse diversely polarized array is of great importance in both theory and realistic applications. The design architecture of sparse diversely polarized arrays, which are related not only to the location of the array elements, but also to the dipole/loop type, orientation, and polarization states of the antenna elements, are more diverse than those of sparse scalar arrays. This paper summarizes the relevant researches in this field in recent years, introduces and explores the mainstream sparse diversely polarized array structure optimization approaches from three aspects: non-uniformly sparse, uniformly sparse and mixed uniformly and non-uniformly sparse. Then the future development of sparse diversely polarized arrays is discussed in terms of deep learning-based optimization approach, sparse Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) diversely polarized array, sparse Polarimetric Frequency Diverse Array (PFDA) radar and sparse PFDA-MIMO radar, sparse polarimetric reconfigurable intelligent surface, and the application of sparse diversely polarized array in complex indoor scenes, such as smart communications in house and Industrial Internet of Things.
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图 1 由6个NA偶极子阵元(轴向平行于y 轴)及10个偶极子ANA阵元(轴向平行于z 轴)组成的稀疏多极化阵列结构示意图
Figure 1. Sparse diversely polarized array composed of 6 NA dipoles (axial directions parallel to the y-axis) and 10 ANA dipoles (axial directions parallel to the z-axis)
图 2 由两层嵌套EMVS阵列组成的稀疏多极化阵列结构示意图
Figure 2. Sparse diversely polarized array composed of two-layer nested EMVS subarrays
图 3 由两层嵌套稀疏拉伸EMVS阵列组成的稀疏多极化阵列结构示意图
Figure 3. Sparse diversely polarized array composed of two-layer nested sparse stretched EMVS subarrays
图 5 由EMVS构成的矩形稀疏多极化阵列结构示意图
Figure 5. Rectangular sparse diversely polarized array constructed by EMVS
图 6 由3种指向的偶极子组成的稀疏L型多极化阵列结构示意图
Figure 6. Sparse L-shaped diversely polarized array composed of dipoles with three directions
图 8 空域分置交叉偶极子稀疏矩形多极化阵列结构示意图
Figure 8. Sparse rectangular diversely polarized array composed of spatially distributed cross-dipoles
图 9 轴向平移多线性稀疏多极化阵列结构示意图
Figure 9. Axial translation multilinear sparse diversely polarized array
图 10 以非均匀稀疏阵为子阵均匀稀疏摆放的多极化阵列结构示意图
Figure 10. Diversely polarized array composed of uniformly distributed non-uniform sparse subarrays
图 11 以均匀稀疏阵为子阵非均匀稀疏摆放的多极化阵列示意图
Figure 11. Diversely polarized array composed of non-uniformly distributed uniform sparse subarrays
图 12 图11所对应的均匀配置多极化阵列示意图
Figure 12. Uniformly distributed diversely polarized array corresponding to Fig. 11
图 13 从传统MIMO雷达到稀疏多极化MIMO雷达的发展脉络
Figure 13. Evolution from traditional MIMO radar to sparse diversely polarized MIMO radar
图 14 稀疏多极化RIS示意图(一种多极化配置方式)
Figure 14. Sparse polarimetric RIS (one diversely polarized configuration)
图 15 稀疏多极化RIS示意图(另一种多极化配置方式)
Figure 15. Sparse polarimetric RIS (another diversely polarized configuration)
表 1 稀疏多极化阵列设计研究的技术背景、理论基础、设计方法种类和设置及约束方式
Table 1. Technical background, theoretical basis, categorization of the configuration design, and setting/constraint approaches for sparse diversely polarized array
技术背景 理论基础 设计种类 设置及约束方式 1 均匀阵列阵元间互耦效应强2 均匀阵列自由度小3 均匀阵列硬件成本高4 标量稀疏阵列无法感知信号极化信息 1 互质阵和嵌套阵等稀疏阵列设计准则2 多极化阵列的矢量叉积性质 1 非均匀稀疏多极化阵列设计2 均匀稀疏多极化阵列设计3 混合均匀与非均匀稀疏多极化阵列设计 1 以互质阵和嵌套阵等稀疏阵为基本稀布约束方式，由不同极化方式的天线联合构建2 等距地稀布不同极化方式的天线3 融合上述两种设置方式分别约束阵列的均匀部分与非均匀部分 
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表 2 标量与多极化MIMO雷达优缺点总结
Table 2. Summary of advantages and disadvantages of scalar and diversely polarized MIMO radars
MIMO雷达类型 主要优势 主要缺点 标量 均匀[54-62] 生成虚拟阵列，增加阵列孔径和自由度[76] 1 阵元间互耦效应降低估计精度；2 系统成本较高 1 极化失配
造成估计
精度损失；2 无法感知
信号极化
信息稀疏[63,69] 最小冗
余[63,64]1 进一步提升阵列孔径和自由度；2 减小阵元间互耦效应，提高角
度估计精度；3 降低系统成本1 阵元位置求解较复杂；2 缺少阵列孔径的一般表达式 嵌套[65,66] 存在间距较密阵元导致的互耦效应 互质[67,68] 差合阵存在孔洞 多极化 均匀[20,70-72] 减小极化失配，
提升角度估计
精度，增强极
化信息处理
能力生成虚拟阵列，增加阵列
孔径和自由度1 阵元间互耦效应降低估计精度；2 系统成本较高 稀疏[73-75] 1 进一步提升阵列孔径和自由度；2 减小阵元间互耦效应，提高角
度估计精度；3 降低系统成本阵列的多极化合理配置仍是一大难点
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表 3 FDA雷达、FDA-MIMO雷达和PFDA-MIMO雷达优点总结
Table 3. Summary of potential advantages of FDA radar, FDA-MIMO radar and PFDA-MIMO radar
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