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Reduced Degrees of Freedom in Space-Time Adaptive Processing for Space-based Early Warning Radar
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摘要: 受卫星高速运动和地球自转影响，天基预警雷达杂波在俯仰-方位-多普勒三维空间呈紧耦合特性，极大降低了传统空时自适应处理(STAP)方法的慢速运动目标检测性能。采用方位-俯仰-多普勒三维STAP可实现天基预警雷达杂波解耦，但与非正侧机载预警雷达杂波的三维松耦合情况不同，该应用需要较大系统自由度才能实现次最优杂波抑制性能，所带来的巨大运算负担和均匀样本需求使其难以应用于实际。针对上述问题，该文首先构建了天基预警雷达平面阵回波空时信号模型；然后详细分析了其杂波在方位-俯仰-多普勒三维空间的紧耦合特性；最后提出了基于级联处理的低自由度三维STAP方法，利用空域加权子阵合成预先衰减副瓣杂波，再利用俯仰-多普勒自适应处理抑制剩余各次距离模糊主瓣杂波。仿真实验验证了所提STAP方法可在低运算复杂度和小样本需求条件下实现次最优杂波抑制性能，因此适用于天基预警雷达实际应用。Abstract: The clutter of space-based early warning radar exhibits tight coupling in the azimuth-elevation-Doppler domain due to the high speed of satellites and the Earth’s rotation. As a result, conventional Space-Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) suffers significant performance degradation when detecting slow moving targets. The azimuth-elevation-Doppler three-dimensional STAP method provides the ability to decouple clutter and thus can achieve sub-optimal performance for clutter suppression. However, in contrast to the situation in non-sidelooking airborne early warning radar, this method requires large system degrees of freedom when applied to space-based early warning radar. Therefore, in practice, both the computational load and the sample requirement are too large to meet. In this study, the space-time signal model of the planar array for space-based early warning radar is first constructed. Then, the tight coupling characteristic of clutter in the azimuth-elevation-Doppler domain is analyzed in detail. On this basis, a novel three-dimensional STAP method with reduced degrees of freedom with factored structure is proposed. The sidelobe clutter is first suppressed via amplitude taper in azimuth, and the mainlobe clutter responding to each ambiguous range is further canceled by adaptive processing in the elevation-Doppler domain. The simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve sub-optimal performance under low computational load and limited sample conditions. Therefore, the proposed method is suitable for practical application in space-based early warning radar.
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图 3 杂波方位-俯仰-多普勒功率谱
Figure 3. Power spectrum of clutter in azimuth-elevation-Doppler domain
图 5 不同方位自由度SCNR损失曲线对比
Figure 5. Comparison of SCNR loss curves with different azimuth degrees of freedom
图 6 不同切比雪夫权SCNR损失曲线对比
Figure 6. Comparison of SCNR loss curves with different Chebyshev weighting
图 7 主瓣杂波方位-俯仰-多普勒功率谱
Figure 7. Power spectrum of mainlobe clutter in azimuth-elevation-Doppler domain
图 8 不同空域自由度SCNR损失曲线对比
Figure 8. Comparison of S CNR loss curves with different spatial degress of freedom
图 9 不同俯仰自由度SCNR损失曲线对比
Figure 9. Comparison of SCNR loss curves with different elevation degrees of freedom
图 10 偏航角0°情况各方法SCNR损失曲线对比
Figure 10. Comparison of SCNR loss curves with different methods when crab angle is 0°
图 11 偏航角3.77°情况各方法SCNR损失曲线对比
Figure 11. Comparison of SCNR loss curves with different methods when crab angle is 3.77°
表 1 仿真参数
Table 1. Parameters of simulation
天基参数 数值 机载参数 数值 卫星轨道 506 km 载机高度 10000 m 等效偏航角 0°/3.77° 阵列斜侧角 60° 卫星速度 7610 m/s 载机速度 150 m/s 天线孔径 50 m×2 m 天线孔径 10 m×2 m 列向阵元间距 0.543λ 列向阵元间距 0.5λ 行向阵元间距 0.74λ 行向阵元间距 0.5λ 阵元数 384×12 阵元数 76×12 工作频率 1250 MHz 工作频率 1250 MHz 带宽 3 MHz 带宽 3 MHz 主波束方位角 90° 主波束方位角 90° 主波束俯仰角 –20° 主波束俯仰角 –3° 脉冲重复频率 4000 Hz 脉冲重复频率 2500 Hz 相参脉冲数 16 相参脉冲数 16 
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表 2 MDV性能
Table 2. Performance of MDV
方法 偏航角0° (m/s) 偏航角3.77° (m/s) 2D-OPT-STAP 11.42 142.86 2D-LMSI-STAP 11.42 192.35 3D-OPT-STAP 11.42 15.24 3D-LSMI-STAP 11.42 15.24 3D-OPT-FSTAP 13.33 19.04 3D-LSMI-FSTAP 13.33 19.04
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表 3 运算复杂度比较
Table 3. Comparison of computational complexity
方法 CCM估计 空时权系数计算 3D-STAP ${O}\left[{L}_{1}{\left({M}_{\mathrm{s} }N_{\rm{s} } K\right)}^{2}\right]$ ${O}\left[{\left({M}_{\mathrm{s} }{N}_{\mathrm{s} }K\right)}^{3}\right]$ 3D-FSTAP ${O}\left[{L}_{2}{\left({M}_{\mathrm{s} }K\right)}^{2}\right]$ ${O}\left[{\left({M}_{\mathrm{s} }K\right)}^{3}\right]$
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