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See-Earth: SAR Constellation with Dense Time-SEries for Multi-dimensional Environmental Monitoring of the Earth
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摘要: 我国星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)面临着卫星通用性、应用维度与深度以及广域观测效能等局限性，缺少面向全球并实现长期、稳定、高性能环境动态监测的卫星系统。随着国际环境日趋复杂，我国亟需发展面向全球动态环境监测的SAR卫星系统，实现大范围、高重访、长期、稳定、高精度的对地观测。该文提出一个高频时序多维地球环境监测SAR星座(简称See-Earth)计划，从系统构想、技术体制、性能分析、应用潜力以及新体制扩展几方面来进行探讨。
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关键词:
- 星载合成孔径雷达(SAR) /
- See-Earth计划 /
- 高分辨率宽幅 /
- 极化SAR /
- 高重访
Abstract: The limitations of satellite versatility, application dimensions, and wide-area observation efficiency are major issues impeding the development of Chinese spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). China lacks a satellite system that can realize long-term, stable, and high-performance environmental dynamic monitoring oriented to the world. As the international environment becomes increasingly complex, China urgently needs to develop a SAR satellite system for global dynamic environmental monitoring to achieve large-scale, high-revisit, long-term, stable, and high-precision observations. This paper proposes a SAR Constellation with Dense Time-S E ries for MultiDimensional E nvironmental Monitoring of the Earth (See-Earth) plan. In addition, the system conception, technical architectures, performance analysis, application potential, and new system expansion are discussed. -
图 8 方位多通道系统信号收发示意图
Figure 8. Schematic diagram for the signal transmission and reception of the azimuth multi-channel system
图 9 方位向多通道系统的等效相位中心与信号采样情况
Figure 9. The equivalent phase center and signal sampling situation of the azimuth multi-channel system
图 10 方位多通道数据重建后成像结果
Figure 10. The imaging results after azimuth multi-channel reconstruction
图 12 单点目标回波的扫描接收示意图
Figure 12. Schematic diagram for the echo scanning and receiving of a single-point target
图 13 DSBF处理器单点目标回波的扫描接收示意图
Figure 13. Schematic diagram for the echo scanning and receiving of a single-point target using the DSBF processor
图 16 传统线全极化SAR系统时序图
Figure 16. The timing diagram of conventional quadrature polarimetric SAR system
图 17 混合全极化SAR系统时序图(左右旋圆极化)
Figure 17. The timing diagram of hybrid quadrature polarimetric SAR system (left and right circular polarization)
图 18 混合简缩极化SAR系统时序图(右旋圆极化发射)
Figure 18. The timing diagram of hybrid compact polarimetric SAR system (right circular polarization transmission)
图 22 LT-1优化前后有效观测范围对比
Figure 22. Comparison of the effective observation range before and after LT-1 optimization
图 23 方位向三通道混合全极化SAR系统的等效相位中心示意图
Figure 23. Schematic diagram of the equivalent phase center of the azimuth three-channel hybrid four-polarized SAR system
图 27 See-Earth星座全球平均重访时间
Figure 27. The global average revisit time of the See-Earth plan
图 28 全国中东部地区InSAR监测地面沉降分布(来源：中国自然资源航空物探遥感中心)
Figure 28. Land subsidence distribution monitored by InSAR in the central and eastern regions of the China (Source: Aero Geophysical Survey ＆ Remote Sensing Center, Ministry of Land and Resources)
图 31 滑坡区域灾后的极化分解伪彩色合成图(2018年10月12日)
Figure 31. Pseudo-color composite image of polarization decomposition after the disaster in the landslide area (October 12, 2018)
表 1 See-Earth主要系统指标
Table 1. Main system indicators of the See-Earth plan
指标 取值 轨道高度 1100 km 回归周期 2天(单星8天) 星座卫星数 4颗 频段 L波段 主要工作模式 1 m/120 km(单极化/简缩极化)
3 m/300 km(单极化/简缩极化)
3 m/150 km(全极化)
10 m/1000 km(单极化/简缩极化)
10 m/500 km(全极化)天线重量 510 kg 中央电子设备重量 80 kg 载荷总重量 ≤830 kg 功耗 <13500 W 占空比 约13% 数据率 <12 Gbps 
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表 2 天线主要参数
Table 2. Main parameters of the antenna
参数 取值 中心频率 1.257 GHz 工作带宽 最大84 MHz (应急可拓展300 MHz) 通道数 8(方位向)×8(距离向) 天线尺寸 13.6 m(方位向)×4.4 m(距离向) 单位面积重量 约8.5 kg/m² 波束扫描范围 距离向±20º 波束宽度 方位向: 0.90°；距离向: 2.76°
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表 3 See-Earth卫星轨道参数
Table 3. Orbit parameters of the See-Earth satellite
参数 取值 轨道类型 太阳同步轨道 轨道倾角 98° 轨道偏心率 0 近地点倾角 90° 轨道半长轴 7489 km 升交点时间 6:00 AM，晨昏成像 平近点角 0°/90°/180°/270°
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表 4 各工作模式性能
Table 4. Performance of each operation mode
工作模式 性能指标 仿真结果 1 m/120 km
单极化/简缩极化最差NESZ –29.98 dB 最差AASR –22.02 dB 最差RASR –21.22 dB 最大数据率 5.23 Gbps(单极化)
10.46 Gbps(简缩极化)3 m/300 km
单极化/简缩极化最差NESZ –29.87 dB 最差AASR –21.10 dB 最差RASR –22.01 dB 最大数据率 5.52 Gbps(单极化)
11.04 Gbps(简缩极化)3 m/150 km
全极化最差NESZ –28.96 dB 最差AASR –21.12 dB 最差RASR –22.36 dB(同极化)
–16.36 dB(交叉极化)最大数据率 10.84 Gbps 10 m/1000 km
单极化/简缩极化最差NESZ –32.45 dB 最差AASR –21.52 dB 最差RASR –21.28 dB 最大数据率 2.76 Gbps(单极化)
5.52 Gbps(简缩极化)10 m/500 km
全极化最差NESZ –31.46 dB 最差AASR –21.61 dB 最差RASR –21.53 dB(同极化)
–17.21 dB(交叉极化)最大数据率 5.75 Gbps
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表 5 See-Earth观测能力
Table 5. See-Earth observation capability
工作模式：极化/分辨率/幅宽 图像重叠率 全球覆盖时间 (d)* 全国覆盖时间(90%) (h)* 局部区域覆盖时间 1:单极化/简缩极化1 m/120 km >10% 12 72 2小时覆盖北京地区 2:全极化3 m/150 km >10% 10 60 3:单极化/简缩极化3 m/300 km >10% 5 36 2小时覆盖华北地区 4: 全极化10 m/500 km >10% 4 24 5:单极化/简缩极化10 m/1000 km >10% 2 4 *全球覆盖时间：每轨开机时间假定为30 min；全国覆盖时间：同时考虑升降轨覆盖。
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表 6 See-Earth产品观测性能
Table 6. The observation performance of See-Earth product
应用潜力 应用技术需求 See-Earth产品 高程测量与地表形变监测 高频次时序干涉 ● 高精度DEM数据
● 每2天可实现对观测区域的回归服务国家重大工程 高频次高精度广域观测 ● 8天覆盖@1 m/120 km
● 1天覆盖@10 m/1000 km
● 星座平均重访3 h自然资源动态监测 森林生物量、地物分类 ● 高精度全极化数据
● 观测模式：3 m/150 km全极化，10 m/500 km全极化应急管理 极化干涉、高频次重访、滑坡形变监测 ● 间隔2天可获取重复观测干涉数据
● 星座平均重访3 h，最快重访时间25 min
● 观测模式：3 m/150 km全极化，10 m/500 km全极化交通、水利、住建等行业 高分辨率动态观测 ● 星座平均重访3 h，最快重访时间25 min
● 观测模式：1 m/120 km地球科学 形变、生物量、应用 全部
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