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摘要: 高分辨率SAR图像中蕴含目标与环境丰富的信息，但复杂的电磁散射机制使其难以直观解译，这一直是SAR图像解译的重要研究课题。该文简单梳理了典型几何基元的高频散射建模方法，以面散射、线散射和点散射为线索简要回顾了若干高频散射机制的研究发展过程，并给出几种典型几何基元的散射机制表达式及部分仿真结果，分析了典型散射机制表征面临的难点及应用于SAR图像解译的关键科学问题，提出从几何基元出发，发展对应的散射基元，通过散射基元进行组合和相互作用以树状方式实现更完备和广泛的散射特征表征体系，最后讨论了面向SAR图像散射信息解译来构建散射机制字典的可行性。Abstract: High-resolution SAR images contain rich information about targets and their surroundings, but the complex electromagnetic scattering mechanism makes intuitive interpretation difficult, leading to an important research topic in SAR image interpretation. This paper summarizes the typical geometric primitives modeling method of high-frequency scattering, which is reviewed in detail with respect to surface, wedge, and vertex scatterings. Besides the classical expressions of these typical scattering mechanisms, some simulation results are presented. The difficulties in characterizing typical scattering mechanisms and key scientific problems applied to SAR image interpretation are analyzed. Furthermore, this paper proposes a complete and extensive scattering characteristic characterization system by combining and interacting with the scattering primitives based on the corresponding geometric primitives. Finally, the feasibility of developing a scattering mechanism dictionary for use in interpreting SAR image scattering information is discussed.
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图 1 高频散射发展历程示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the development of high frequency scattering
图 6 正六边形平板散射仿真示意图
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of regular hexagonal plate scattering simulation
图 13 组合曲面模型后向散射仿真示意图
Figure 13. Backscattering simulation schematic diagram of combined curved surface model
图 14 组合曲面模型仿真结果图
Figure 14. Scattering simulation result of combined curve surface model
图 25 典型结构的几何基元表征
Figure 25. Geometric primitive characterization of typical structures
表 1 正六边形平板散射仿真参数表
Table 1. Scattering simulation parameters of regular hexagonal plate
参数 数值 参数 数值 频率(GHz) 1 角度间隔(°) 1 入射角(°) 0 观测距离 远场 出射角(°) –80°～80° 外切圆半径(m) 0.8485 
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表 2 椭球散射仿真参数表
Table 2. Scattering simulation parameters of ellipsoid
参数 数值 参数 数值 频率(GHz) 10 角度间隔(°) 1 入射角(°) 0 观测距离 远场 出射角(°) –100～100 半径(m) 3, 2, 2
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表 3 球散射仿真参数表
Table 3. Scattering simulation parameters of sphere
参数 数值 参数 数值 频率(GHz) 10 角度间隔(°) 1 入射角(°) 0 观测距离 远场 出射角(°) –100～100 半径(m) 3
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表 4 组合曲面模型散射仿真参数表
Table 4. Scattering simulation parameters of combined curve surface model
参数 数值 参数 数值 频率(GHz) 1 角度间隔(°) 2 入射角(°) 0 观测距离 远场 角度范围 0～180
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表 5 平板散射仿真参数表
Table 5. Scattering simulation parameters of flat plane
参数 数值 参数 数值 频率(GHz) 1 角度间隔(°) 1 入射角(°) 0 观测距离 300 出射角(°) –81～79 平板边长(m) 8
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表 6 劈尖边散射仿真参数表
Table 6. Scattering simulation parameters of wedge
参数 数值 参数 数值 $ r/\lambda $ 0～1 $ n $ 0.6189 ${\phi }_{0}$ 45° $ {r}_{0} $ 212.15 m $\phi$ 90° $ r $ 50 m
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表 7 房屋模型散射仿真参数表
Table 7. Scattering simulation parameters of house
参数 数值 参数 数值 频率(GHz) 1 角度间隔(°) 2 入射角(°) 1 观测距离 远场 角度范围(°) –90～90
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