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High-resolution High-dimensional Imaging of Urban Building Based on GaoFen-3 SAR Data（in English）
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摘要: 传统合成孔径雷达(SAR)只能获取方位-距离二维图像，无法准确反映目标的三维散射结构信息。层析合成孔径雷达(TomoSAR)是一种多基线干涉测量模式，它将合成孔径原理扩展至高程向，除了可对目标进行二维成像之外，还可以准确恢复目标的高度向散射信息，真正实现三维成像。差分层析合成孔径雷达(D-TomoSAR)将合成孔径原理延伸至高程和时间方向，不仅可以获得目标的三维散射结构，还可以高精度获取观测目标的形变速率，实现对目标形变的有效监测。高分三号是我国首颗1 m分辨率C频段多极化SAR卫星。它具有高分辨率、大成像幅宽、多成像模式等特点，对我国高分对地观测技术的发展具有重要意义。目前高分三号数据主要应用于目标识别等图像处理领域，没有充分利用SAR图像的相位信息。而且，由于设计之初未考虑后续高维成像应用，现有高分三号获取的SAR图像存在有一定的空间、时间去相干问题，对应用于后续干涉系列处理产生了一定影响。为解决上述问题，该文基于7景高分三号SAR复图像，开展了对北京雁栖湖周围建筑的三维、四维层析成像研究，在获取了建筑物三维散射结构信息的同时，实现了对建筑物形变的毫米级高精度监测。该初步实验结果证明了高分三号SAR数据的应用潜力，为后续进一步扩展高分三号SAR卫星在城市感知与监测中的应用提供了技术支撑。
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关键词:
- 三维成像 /
- 四维成像 /
- 层析合成孔径雷达 /
- 差分层析合成孔径雷达 /
- 高分三号
Abstract: Conventional Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can only obtain two-dimensional (2-D) azimuth-range images without accurately reflecting the three-Dimensional (3-D) scattering structure information of the targets. However, SAR Tomography (TomoSAR) is a multi-baseline interferometric measurement mode that extends the synthetic aperture principle into the elevation direction, making it possible to recover the true height of the target, thereby achieving 3-D imaging. Moreover, Differential SAR Tomography (D-TomoSAR) extends the synthetic aperture principle into the elevation and time directions simultaneously. Thus, it can obtain the target 3-D scattering structure along with the deformation speed of the observed target. GaoFen-3 (GF-3) is the first C-band multi-polarization 1 m resolution SAR satellite of China. It has several advantages, such as high-resolution, large swath width, and multiple imaging modes, which are crucial to the development of a high-resolution earth observation technology for China. Presently, GF-3 data are mainly used in the image processing field, such as target identification. However, the phase information of the SAR images is not yet fully utilized. Moreover, because of the high-dimensional imaging ability that was overlooked at the beginning of designing the system, existing SAR images acquired by GF-3 have spatial and temporal de-coherence problems. Thus, it is difficult to use the images in further interference series processing. To solve the above problems, this study achieved 3-D and four-Dimensional (4-D) imaging of buildings around Yanqi Lake, in Beijing, based on the data of seven SAR complex images. We obtained the 3-D scattering structure information of buildings and achieved millimeter-level high-precision monitoring of building deformation. The preliminary experimental results demonstrate the application potential of GF-3 SAR data and provide a technical support for the subsequent further application of the GF-3 SAR satellite in urban sensing and monitoring. -
图 3 高程向两个散射点的TomoSAR成像结果(左图：两个散射点之间的距离为11 m；右图：两个散射点之间的距离为50 m)
Figure 3. TomoSAR reconstructed reflectivity profiles of two scattering points along the elevation direction (left image: the distance between two scattering points is 11 m; right image: the distance between two scattering points is 50 m)
图 4 高程向3个散射点的TomoSAR成像结果(3个散射点之间的间隔为20 m)
Figure 4. TomoSAR reconstructed reflectivity profiles of three scattering points along the elevation direction (the distance between three scattering points is 20 m)
图 5 D-TomoSAR仿真结果(两个散射体高程位置为–10 m, 10 m；散射体形变速率分别为4毫米/年、–7毫米/年)
Figure 5. D-TomoSAR simulation results (elevation position of two scatters are –10 m and 10 m; deformation velocity of two scatters are 4 mm/year and –7 mm/year, respectively)
图 7 生态农业公司高程图及形变速率图
Figure 7. Elevation and deformation velocity maps of ecological agricultural company
图 9 北京雁栖湖国际会展中心
Figure 9. Beijing Yanqi lake international convention and exhibition center
图 10 北京雁栖湖国际会展中心高程图及形变速率图
Figure 10. Elevation and deformation velocity maps of Beijing Yanqi lake international convention and exhibition center
图 11 北京雁栖湖国际会展中心三维点云图
Figure 11. 3-D point cloud of Beijing Yanqi lake international convention and exhibition center
图 13 顶秀美泉小镇区域的高程图及形变速率图
Figure 13. Elevation and deformation velocity maps of Dingxiumeiquan town
图 3 TomoSAR reconstructed reflectivity profiles of two scattering points along the elevation direction (left image: the distance between two scatterers is 11 m; right image: the distance between two scatters is 50 m)
图 4 TomoSAR reconstructed reflectivity profiles of three scattering points along the elevation direction (the distance between three scatterers is 20 m)
图 5 D-TomoSAR simulation results (elevation position of two scatterers are –10 m and 10 m; deformation velocity of two scatterers are 4 mm/year and –7 mm/year, respectively)
图 10 Elevation and deformation velocity maps of Beijing Yanqi Lake International Convention and Exhibition Center
图 11 3-D point cloud of Beijing Yanqi Lake International Convention and Exhibition Center
表 1 高分三号数据集参数
Table 1. Parameters of GF-3 dataset
参数名称 数值 参数名称 数值 空间基线跨度 1417.4 m 数据景数 7景 时间基线跨度 464 d 方位向分辨率 0.3626 m 斜距 1052747 m 距离向分辨率 0.765692 m 波长 0.056 m 高程向理论分辨率 20.6174 m 入射角 47.2330015° 形变理论分辨率 21.8毫米/年 
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表 2 高分三号数据集时空基线参数
Table 2. Spatial-temporal baseline parameters of GF-3 dataset
编号 获取时间 空间基线(m) 时间基线(d) 1 2018.06.13 –459.108 –261 2 2019.01.31 –628.551 –29 3 2019.03.01 0 0 4 2019.03.30 –724.517 29 5 2019.07.24 692.863 145 6 2019.08.22 –38.211 174 7 2019.09.20 –510.491 203
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表 1 Parameters of the GF-3 dataset
Parameter Value Parameter Value Spatial baseline span 1417.4 m Number of scenes 7 Temporal baseline span 464 d Azimuth resolution 0.3626 m Slant range 1052747 m Range resolution 0.765692 m Wavelength 0.056 m Elevation resolution 20.6174 m Incident angle 47.2330015° Information resolution 21.8 mm/year
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表 2 Spatio-temporal baseline parameters of the GF-3dataset
Number Time of acquisition Spatial baseline (m) Temporal baseline (d) 1 2018.06.13 –459.108 –261 2 2019.01.31 –628.551 –29 3 2019.03.01 0 0 4 2019.03.30 –724.517 29 5 2019.07.24 692.863 145 6 2019.08.22 –38.211 174 7 2019.09.20 –510.491 203
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