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摘要: 合成孔径雷达(SAR)是一种全天候、全天时、具备高分辨率的成像设备,被广泛应用于对敌侦察,为战场决策提供及时可靠的情报支持。如何压制和扰乱SAR设备的成像侦察,实现对高价值目标和要地的有效防护,已成为当前电子对抗领域的研究热难点之一。该文探讨了SAR干扰的技术进展和发展趋势,首先详细梳理了SAR干扰技术的发展脉络,然后结合仿真实验对比分析了典型SAR干扰样式的优缺点,最后总结了现有SAR干扰技术存在的不足,并指出其未来发展趋势,可为专家学者提供一定的参考。Abstract: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is an all-weather and all-time imaging radar with high resolution, which is widely used for enemy reconnaissance to provide timely and accurate intelligence for taking decisions during wars. It has become a hot issue in the contemporary electronic warfare to suppress and disorder the reconnaissance imaging of SAR equipment for protecting high-value targets and important strategic areas. This study discusses the development and future trend of SAR jamming techniques. First, the history of development of SAR jamming techniques is discussed and explained in detail. Then, the advantages and disadvantages of the typical SAR jamming models are comparatively analyzed together with simulation experiments. Finally, the current defects of the SAR jamming techniques are summarized and the future trend of the SAR jamming techniques is also pointed out, providing some reference for experts and scholars.
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Key words:
- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) /
- Electronic warfare /
- Jamming model /
- Development history /
- Future trend
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1. 引言
随着雷达性能的提升,其在区域防护中逐渐占据核心地位,被广泛应用于军事和民用等多个领域。其中海面微弱目标探测一直是雷达探测领域的重要难题之一,传统的研究手段通常是对大量观测到的海杂波进行幅度统计分析,进而确定虚警概率下的检测门限[1]。然而海杂波的统计特征并不稳定且通常情况下其能量远大于目标回波,给微弱目标检测带来极大的困难。
海面微弱目标受海浪影响,其运动表现出非匀速性,此时目标信号和海杂波都是非平稳信号,无论时域分析还是频域分析都不能完整地呈现海面回波的特性。为了研究这类信号,研究者相继引入微多普勒分析、Hough变换、分数阶傅利叶变换、极化检测、机器学习和时频分析等方法以检测海面微弱目标[2–8]。其中时频分析可以显示目标的瞬时运动特性,是检测海面微弱目标的有力工具[9]。文献[10,11]分析了高频雷达下海面机动目标的各种时频分布,指出在时频域进行目标检测的可能性。文献[12]应用从海面回波的Hilbert-Huang变换中提取的固有模态能量熵特征进行目标检测。文献[13]针对高频雷达下变速巡航目标,应用自适应chirplet分解和谱相减方法压缩海杂波。文献[14]根据维格纳-威尔分布(Wigner-Ville Distribution, WVD) 逆变换提出基于S-方法(S-Method, SM)的信号分解方法,并应用该方法检测海面目标。
本文根据海面目标回波的距离维相关性,提出一种基于空域联合时频分解的海面微弱目标检测方法。在相邻的距离单元内,目标信号的相关性明显强于海杂波。本文首先提出了互S-方法(Cross S-Method, CSM)计算得到两相邻距离单元的联合时频分布,近似等于两回波信号的目标分量的CSM和海杂波信号的CSM之和。利用互维格纳-威尔分布(Cross Wigner-Ville Distribution, CWVD)逆变换实现两距离单元信号的联合分解并从分解分量中通过特定特征找出目标信号实现目标检测。仿真和实测数据都验证了该方法的有效性。
2. 海面回波信号分析
海杂波主要来源于波浪运动。海面波浪根据能量和波长大致可以分为两类:一种是由海面不定向微风产生的能量较弱波长较短的张力波,另一类是能量很强波长较长的重力波。重力波可以进一步细分为较小波浪和很大波浪。较小波浪是一些由当地阵风产生的很陡的短峰波集合。很大波浪的形状近似为正弦信号,它包含一些由固定强风产生的波长很长的波浪[8]。图1为一段海面回波数据的时间-距离图,图中明亮的斜线表示波浪经过的路径。该数据由南非科学和工作研究委员会(Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, CSIR)通过一部X波段雷达测得,雷达具体参数见表1。
表 1 实测海面回波的参数Table 1. Parameters of measured sea surface echo参数 值 雷达波段 X 雷达工作带宽(MHz) 10 采样距离(m) 3000.3~3465.3 距离单元数目 31 每个距离单元的采样点 33001 有目标的距离单元 11 受目标影响的距离单元 9~14 距离分辨率 15 m, 15 m采样 雷达高度(m) 56 脉冲重复频率PRF(Hz) 2500 方位角(°N) 165.22 俯仰角(°) 1.187 风向(°N) 191.26 风速(m/s) 9 波浪方向(°N) 160 主要波浪高度(m) 2.88 在雷达照射区域中有一小型快艇,位于第11距离单元。目标尺寸较小,理论上位于一个距离单元内,但由于其阻挡了海浪的运动,使其在雷达回波中能够影响较大的区域,表现为在第9~14距离单元内都会出现目标回波。图2为第9~14距离单元回波的时频分布,从中可以直观地看到目标是在频率维聚集性非常好的曲线,且目标信号在时频域内与海杂波距离较远。利用滤波器将海面目标回波与海杂波分离,进而分别计算相邻距离单元内目标信号和海杂波的相关系数:目标信号的平均相关系数为0.9851,而海杂波的平均相关系数为0.6694,所以目标信号与海杂波的空间相关性是不同的。这是因为海杂波的相关距离较近,且内部变化复杂,故相关系数较小。
基于目标信号与海杂波在空间维相关性的不同,本文提出了一种基于空域联合时频分解的海面微弱目标检测方法。该方法同时利用两个相邻距离单元的回波进行联合时频分解,进而通过特征从分解分量中找出目标信号,实现目标检测。
3. 海面目标检测方法
本文提出了能够体现两个相邻距离单元回波数据相关性的CSM方法。两个信号的CSM通过合适的频率窗可以抑制两信号分量中支撑区域较远分量的交叉项,保留两信号中位于同一支撑区域中相应分量的CSM。在海面回波中,由于目标回波对于波浪运动的影响和海杂波的时空相关性,相邻或靠近的距离单元间的回波信号具有相似的时频结构,即两个距离单元回波中的目标信号位于相同的时频支撑区域,海杂波也位于同一时频支撑区域。由于目标信号通常是一条在时频面非常聚集的曲线,而海杂波分布在一小片时频区域内,所以两信号的CSM可以在聚集目标能量的同时抑制海杂波。
3.1 空域信号的联合时频表示
将接收到两个相邻距离单元内的回波信号标记为
x(n) 和y(n) ,长度为N 点。应用与回波信号长度相同的矩形窗实现的短时傅利叶变换(Short Time Fourier Transform, STFT)可以表示为STFTx(n,k)=N/2−1∑m=−N/2x(n+m)e−j2πNmk (1) STFTy(n,k)=N/2−1∑m=−N/2y(n+m)e−j2πNmk (2) 此时,可以利用两信号的STFT可以构造它们的CWVD,
CWVDx,y(n,k)=1NN/2−1∑l=−N/2STFTx(n,k+l)⋅STFT∗y(n,k−l) (3) 对两信号的CWVD中引入一频率窗
p(l) ,可以得到两信号的CSM,即CSMx,y(n,k)=1NN/2−1∑l=−N/2p(l)STFTx(n,k+l)⋅STFT∗y(n,k−l) (4) 其中,
p(l)={1,|l|≤L0,|l|>L,L<N/2 (5) 信号的CSM可以改写成另外一种形式,
CSMx,y(n,k)=1NL∑i=−LSTFTx(n,k+i)⋅STFT∗y(n,k−i) (6) 由于信号的SM近似等于信号的WVD[14],同理,两信号的CSM近似等于两信号的CWVD。基于式(6),两相邻距离单元回波信号CSM的实现方式可以通过式(7)表示
CSMx,y(n,k)=STFTx(n,k)STFT∗y(n,k)+L∑i=1[STFTx(n,k+i)⋅STFT∗y(n,k−i)+STFTx(n,k−i)⋅STFT∗y(n,k+i)] (7) 通常情况下,海面回波的成份非常复杂,包含很多分量。假设两相邻距离单元内的回波信号具有如下形式
x(n)=M∑i=1xi(n)y(n)=M∑i=1yi(n)} (8) 其中,
xi(n) 和yi(n) 拥有相同的时频支撑区域Di(n,k),i=1,2,···,M ,且支撑区域满足Di(n,k)∩ Dj(n,k)=ϕ,i≠j 。选择一个合适的窗函数p(l) ,x(n) 和y(n) 的CSM可近似为相应分量的CWVD,CWVDxi,yi(n,k),i=1,2,···,M 之和,即CSMx,y(n,k)≈M∑i=1CWVDxi,yi(n,k) (9) 图3为在
L=4,M=512 参数下相邻两个距离单元的回波信号的时频表示。图3(a)和图3(b)分别给出了两个信号的SM表示,从图中可以看到两信号中都包含大能量的海杂波和小能量的目标信号。两图具有相同的结构:目标信号与海杂波信号分别位于相同的时频支撑区域内。通过CSM计算两回波信号的联合时频分布,结果如图3(c)所示。从图中可以看出,相邻距离单元回波信号的CSM等于两信号中目标信号的CSM和海杂波信号的CSM之和,且目标回波依然表现出较高的时频聚集性。3.2 CWVD逆变换[15]
假设信号
x(n) 和y(n) 是单分量信号,将它们分别表示成列向量x=[x1···xn···xN]T 和y=[y1···yn ···yN]T 。两信号的CWVD为CWVDx,y(n,k)=2∑mFn(m)e−j2πN2mk (10) 其中,核函数
Fn(m) 表示Fn(m)=xn+my∗n−m (11) 其中,
(⋅)∗ 为共轭操作。令c=n+m, d=n−m ,可以得到1≤c≤N ,1≤d≤N 。当两个信号的CWVD已知,那么核函数
Fn(m) 的矩阵形式ˆFn(m) 可以通过1维逆离散傅利叶变换得到ˆFn(m)=12N∑kCWVD(n,k)ej2πN2mk (12) 考虑向量
x 和y 的互相关矩阵R ,它的元素为Ra,b=xay∗b ,其中1≤a≤N 和1≤b≤N 。可以轻易地发现ˆFn(m) 中的所有非零元素都包含在矩阵R 中,但位置不同。ˆFn(m) 的第n 维元素的下标和为2n ,而这些元素分布在矩阵R 的第2n−1 维辅对角线上。因此,可以将ˆFn(m) 的第n 维中所有非零元素放置在一个零矩阵的第2n−1 维辅对角线上,由此可得ˆR={R,a+b=2n0,a+b=2n−1 (13) 对构造矩阵
ˆR 进行奇异值分解可以得到ˆR=UΛVH=N∑i=1λiuivHi (14) 其中,
λi 表示奇异值,ui 和vi 分别表示酉矩阵U 和V 的列向量,(⋅)H 为厄米特转置符号。经过计算可以得到只有两个奇异值不为0,即
ˆR=λ1x1yH1+λ2x2yH2 (15) 其中,
λ1,λ2 为常数且满足λ1≈λ2 ,λ1+λ2=‖x‖2‖y‖2 (16) 最终可得合成信号
ˆx=x1+x2ˆy=y1+y2} (17) 合成信号满足
WVDˆx(n,k)≡WVDˉx(n,k)WVDˆy(n,k)≡WVDˉy(n,k)CWVDˆx,ˆy(n,k)≡CWVDˉx,ˉy(n,k)} (18) 其中,
ˉx=x/Ex ,ˉy=y/Ey ,Ex 和Ey 分别为信号x(n) 和y(n) 的能量。当信号
x(n) 和y(n) 是多分量信号,如式(8)所示。对式(9)所示的CSM进行CWVD逆变换可以得到ˆR=M∑i=1λ1,ix1,iyH1,i+λ2,ix2,iyH2,i (19) ˆxi=x1,i+x2,iˆyi=y1,i+y2,i} (20) 所以,将CWVD逆变换应用于海面回波的CSM,可以实现空域 (不同距离单元)信号联合时频分解。
3.3 海面目标检测方法
基于CSM方法和CWVD逆变换,提出一种海面目标检测方法,其实现过程如下:
步骤 1 计算两个相邻距离单元回波信号的CSM,其中L=4;
步骤 2 利用CWVD逆变换实现两个距离单元回波信号的联合时频分解得到[15]:
x(n)=M′∑i=1ˆxi(n) (21) y(n)=M′∑i=1ˆyi(n) (22) 其中,
ˆxi(n) 与ˆyi(n) 具有相同的时频支撑区域。ˆxi(n) 可能与式(8)中的xi(n) 相等,也可能是xi(n) 的一部分,与窗长的选择有关。步骤 3 对分解得到的分量进行联合特征提取,并以此作为检测统计量进行目标检测。
海面目标回波通常是一个调频信号,所以其时频聚集程度远大于海杂波。将两距离单元对应分解分量最大值的平方与它们均值之比定义为检测统计量,即
Ci=N(maxn,k(CSMˆxi,ˆyi(n,k)))2∑n∑kCSMˆxi,ˆyi(n,k) (23) 该检测统计量能够表示信号的联合时频聚集性。分解所得的信号分量可以通过式(24)判断
{H1:Ci≥P,目标分量H0:Ci<P,海杂波分量 (24) 其中,
P 为时频聚集性门限,通过蒙特卡罗方法得到。具体算法流程图如图4所示。4. 实验结果与分析
构造一些含微弱目标的海面回波信号:将实测数据中不受目标影响的距离单元内的海杂波数据分成若干个长为512点的小数据块,应用蒙特卡罗方法对各小段海杂波应用本文方法进行分解和检测,进而根据虚警率6.6×10–4设定检测门限,然后在每个小数据块中加入一个微弱目标信号。为了使信号能够代表匀速运动目标和加速运动目标,将信号设为幅度是高斯函数的线性调频信号
S(n)=b⋅e−π((n−200)/400)2⋅ej2π(0.00005n2) (25) 其中,
b 是一个幅度参数用来调整信杂比(SCR),0≤n≤511 。目标回波信号的频率为0~125 Hz的扫频信号,且目标的初始径向速度为0.13m/s ,加速度为3.14m/s2 。因而在时频域内,目标信号与海杂波非常靠近或部分重叠。图5(a)为基于CSIR数据在SCR=–7 dB时的目标检测ROC(Receiver Operating Curves)曲线。从中可以看出所提方法比基于S-方法分解[14]和自适应归一化匹配滤波器(Adaptive Normalized Matched Filter, ANMF)[16]的目标检测方法效果更好。图5(b)为基于IPIX数据[17]的检测结果。从中可以看出所提方法性能优于传统的基于海杂波统计特性的目标检测方法。另外,对比于基于1个距离单元回波SM的方法,本方法的检测性能也有一定程度的提高,这是因为两个距离单元回波的联合处理降低了海杂波的相关性。
利用实测数据验证所提的海面目标检测方法。对图3中的回波信号进行联合时频分解并利用检测统计量从分解分量中找出目标信号。其CSM分布显示在图6中。从中可以看出目标信号以3.56 m/s的速度远离雷达。
5. 结束语
海面目标的存在会影响多个雷达距离单元,相邻雷达距离单元回波的联合时频分布表现出与单个距离单元回波信号的时频分布相似的特征。本文提出一种两距离单元信号的联合时频分布方法——互SM,可以近似为两信号中相关分量的CWVD之和。利用CWVD逆变换实现两个距离单元回波信号的联合时频分解,最后利用分解分量的联合时频聚集性从分解分量的挑选出目标信号。本文提出的基于空域联合时频分解的海面微弱目标检测方法不仅可以快速的实现目标检测,还能够提出目标信号的运动特征。对包含仿真目标与实际目标的海面回波数据的检测结果表明,本文方法可以从海面回波中检测出微弱目标,并且能够得到目标的运动特性。
针对编队目标,即波束照射区间会出现多个目标的情况,通常情况下目标都是以相同的速度运动,此时目标检测算法同样适用。当目标间相对速度较大时,可以将两个目标通过信号分解方法分解出来,实现目标检测的同时进行目标数目估计;当目标相对速度较小时,在相对较短的时间内(约0.2 s),目标不大可能出现明显机动,所以将回波信号建模成谐波信号是合理的。通过调整步长L,同样可以实现信号分离而不产生交叉项,所以该方法同样适用于多目标情况。
对于高速运动目标,如巡航导弹等,由于目标的高速运动,有可以会造成距离徙动现象,给目标检测带来困难,一方面可以通过减小积累时间、提高采样频率的方法来减小距离徙动造成的影响,另一方面也可以利用距离走动校正方法来消除距离徙动,实现目标信号长时间积累。本方法的下一步研究工作将集中在会产生距离徙动的高速运动目标检测方面。
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表 1 典型干扰样式对比分析
Table 1. The comparison of typical jamming models
干扰样式 干扰效果 所需侦察参数 优点 缺点 噪声干扰 能量压制目标回波,
破坏成像质量1.信号载频
2.信号带宽1.侦察参数依赖小
2.应用范围广功率需求大,易暴露干扰机位置 卷积式欺骗干扰 虚假目标或场景 1.截获SAR信号
2.平台高度
3.平台速度
4.脉冲重复频率
5.信号波长可产生高逼真点、面欺骗和场景
欺骗1.算法计算量大,实时性较差
2.侦察参数依赖性较高间歇采样转发干扰 距离向或方位向等间距
虚假点目标串1.截获雷达信号
2.信号时宽1.侦察参数依赖小,实时性高
2.假目标数目和间距灵活可变
3.解决了干扰机天线收发隔离问题1.假目标规律性强,易被识别
2.干扰时间利用率较低
3.易受占空比影响散射波干扰 虚假点、面目标欺骗或
场景压制截获SAR信号 侦察参数依赖小,执行简单 能量利用率低,不易进入雷达主瓣 移频干扰 虚假点目标欺骗或
压制条带、压制面1.截获SAR信号
2.调频斜率
3.信号带宽可掩护分布式面目标和大场景 侦察参数依赖性较高 运动调制干扰 方位向压制线或等间距
虚假点目标串1.截获SAR信号
2.信号载频
3.平台速度
4.平台高度1.压制线的长度可变
2.虚假点目标的间距和数量可变1.压制面小,难以掩护面目标
2.假目标规律性太强,易被识别灵巧噪声干扰 压制条带、压制面或密集
假目标压制1.截获SAR信号
2.平台速度
3.信号波长
4.平台高度
5.调频斜率等1.调制方式灵活
2.干扰效果多样以压制效果为主,难以形成面目标和场景欺骗 -
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