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Remote Sensing of Sea Surface Wind and Wave from Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar
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摘要: 星载合成孔径雷达(SAR)能够全天时、全天候、高空间分辨率、宽刈幅观测海洋表面，是获取海面风场和波浪场信息的重要微波传感器。该文综述了多极化SAR海面风场遥感原理、地球物理模式函数，以及潜在应用(海气边界层现象、海上风能资源开发、台风监测与预警预报)，系统总结了传统星载SAR、新型干涉和极化SAR海浪遥感方法和技术。随着雷达卫星编队飞行技术的逐步成熟，未来海洋卫星组网将成为全球海洋和极地观测新趋势，合成孔径雷达海面风场和波浪场定量遥感将从科学研究向业务化海洋动力环境监测发展。Abstract: Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can observe the ocean surface with high spatial resolution and wide swath under all-weather conditions, day and night. Thus, it is a crucial microwave sensor for obtaining information on sea surface wind and wave fields. This paper reviews various geophysical model functions for wind and wave retrieval and SAR applications in studies of marine atmospheric boundary layer phenomena, offshore wind energy resource development, typhoon monitoring/forecast. The use of traditional SAR and new types of interferometric and polarized SAR data in ocean research are discussed. With the advance of radar satellite technology, the constellation of SAR satellites has become a new trend in the global ocean observations. Many SAR research algorithms have become mature enough to be implemented operationally to provide sea surface wind and wave fields to the scientific communities for ocean dynamic environment monitoring.
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Key words:
- Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) /
- Sea surface wind /
- Wave
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图 1 雷达波在光滑表面、中度粗糙表面和粗糙表面的微波散射和反射分布
Figure 1. Radar scattering from surfaces with different roughnesses
图 2 在42°雷达入射角条件下，CMOD5地球物理模式函数描述的雷达后向散射系数NRCS与风速和相对风向之间的函数关系
Figure 2. CMOD5 GMF at 42° incident angle. CMOD5 is a GMF which described the relationship of NRCS, wind speed and rela-tive wind direction
图 3 不同过程的SAR图像及其对应的风速反演结果
Figure 3. SAR images of different processes and their corresponding wind speed
图 5 从RADARSAT-2卫星于2009年2月25日02:09 UTC 获取的SAR图像中截取的512×512像元子图像
Figure 5. Corresponding 512 × 512 pixel size images of area northwest of Morro Bay, CA selected from SAR image acquired at 02:09 UTC on 25 February 2009
图 6 RADARSAT-2卫星于2012年5月24日13:53 UTC获取的SAR图像
Figure 6. SAR images off the U.S. West Coast (Tanner Bank) from RADARSAT-2 fine quad-polarization SAR data acquired on 24 May 2012, at 13:53 UTC
表 2 SAR风速遥感误差统计结果汇总表
Table 2. SAR wind speed retrieval statistics
卫星 波段 极化 参考数据 反演误差*(m/s) 风速范围(m/s) 参考文献 RADARSAT-1 C HH 浮标 1.76 <20 Monaldo等人[62]，2001 QuikSCAT散射计 1.54 <20 Thompson等人[63]，2001 ENVISAT/ASAR C VV 浮标 1.41 <15 Yang等人[64]，2011 ASCAT散射计 1.77 <15 NOGAPS数值模式 1.61 <15 Sentienl-1 C VV ASCAT散射计 1.42 <20 Monaldo等人[65]，2016 HH ASCAT散射计 1.48 <25 VV+VH SMAP辐射计 2.59 <50 Mouche[66]，2017 高分三号 C VV ASCAT散射计 2.04 <20 Ren等人[67]，2019 HY2A/SCAT散射计 1.93 <20 HH ASCAT散射计 1.85 <20 HY2A/SCAT 1.73 <20 RADARSAT-2 C VH QuikSCAT 3.63 <40 Zhang等人[55]，2014 VH SFMR辐射计 2.81 <40 Zhang等人[42]，2017 TS-X/TD-X X VV 浮标 1.44 <20 Li等人[30]，2014 HH 浮标 1.79 <15 Shao等人[26]，2016 ALOS/PALSAR L HH 浮标 1.87 <20 Isoguchi等人[31]，2009 ASCAT散射计 1.85 <25 *注：反演误差指均方根误差或标准偏差。 
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