合成孔径雷达三维成像——从层析、阵列到微波视觉

丁赤飚; 仇晓兰; 徐丰; 梁兴东; 焦泽坤; 张福博

doi:10.12000/JR19090

合成孔径雷达三维成像——从层析、阵列到微波视觉

DOI: 10.12000/JR19090

丁赤飚^{1, 2, 4, ,},
仇晓兰^{1, 3, 4, ,},
徐丰^5,,
梁兴东^{1, 2, 4,},
焦泽坤^{1, 2,},
张福博^{1, 2, 4,}

1.
中国科学院空天信息创新研究院北京 100190
2.
微波成像技术国家级重点实验室北京 100190
3.
中国科学院空间信息与应用系统重点实验室北京 100190
4.
中国科学院大学北京 100049
5.
复旦大学上海 200433

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金重大项目“合成孔径雷达微波视觉三维成像理论与应用基础研究”(61991420, 61991421)

详细信息

作者简介:
丁赤飚(1969–)，男，研究员，博士生导师，现任中国科学院空天信息创新研究院副院长，主要从事合成孔径雷达、遥感信息处理和应用系统等领域的研究工作，先后主持多项国家863重点项目和国家级遥感卫星地面系统工程建设项目，曾获国家科技进步一等奖、二等奖各一项。E-mail: cbding@mail.ie.ac.cn

仇晓兰(1982–)，女，中国科学院空天信息创新研究院研究员，博士生导师，主要研究领域为SAR成像处理、SAR图像理解，IEEE高级会员、IEEE地球科学与遥感快报副主编、雷达学报青年编委。E-mail: xlqiu@mail.ie.ac.cn

徐丰(1982–)，男，复旦大学博士学位，教授，复旦大学电磁波信息科学教育部重点实验室副主任，研究方向为SAR图像解译、电磁散射建模、人工智能。IEEE地球科学与遥感快报副主编、IEEE地球科学与遥感学会上海分会主席。E-mail: fengxu@fudan.edu.cn

梁兴东(1973–)，男，陕西人；北京理工大学博士；中国科学院空天信息创新研究院研究员；研究方向为高分辨率合成孔径雷达系统、干涉合成孔径雷达、成像处理及应用、实时数字信号处理等。E-mail: xdliang@mail.ie.ac.cn

焦泽坤(1991–)，男，博士，现任职于中国科学院空天信息创新研究院，助理研究员，研究方向为SAR 3维成像技术。E-mail: zkjiao@mail.ie.ac.cn

张福博(1988–)，男，副研究员，2015年获得工学博士学位，2016年入选中国科学院电子学研究所优秀人才计划，主要研究方向为微波3维成像技术，解决了超分辨和高相参信号处理难题，发表学术论文十余篇，获得2018年度国家技术发明奖。E-mail: zhangfubo8866@126.com

通讯作者:
丁赤飚 cbding@mail.ie.ac.cn

仇晓兰 xlqiu@mail.ie.ac.cn

责任主编：张群 Corresponding Editor: ZHANG Qun
中图分类号: TN957.52
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-09-30
- 修回日期: 2019-11-04
- 网络出版日期: 2019-12-01

Synthetic Aperture Radar Three-dimensional Imaging——From TomoSAR and Array InSAR to Microwave Vision (in English)

DING Chibiao^{1, 2, 4
, ,},
QIU Xiaolan^{1, 3, 4
, ,},
XU Feng^5
,,
LIANG Xingdong^{1, 2, 4
,},
JIAO Zekun^{1, 2
,},
ZHANG Fubo^{1, 2, 4
,}

1.
Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
2.
National Key Lab of Microwave Imaging Technology, Beijing 100190, China
3.
Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-spatial Information Processing and Application System, Beijing 100190, China
4.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
5.
Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China

Funds: The Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China “Research on SAR Microwave Vision Three-Dimensional Imaging Theory and Application Fundation”(61991420, 61991421)

More Information

Author Bio:
DING Chibiao received a B.S. and Ph. D. degree in electronics engineering from Beihang University, Beijing, China, in 1997. Since 1997, he has been with the Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, where he is currently a Research Fellow and the Vice Director. His research interests include advanced synthetic aperture radar systems, signal processing technology, and information systems. E-mail: cbding@mail.ie.ac.cn

QIU Xiaolan received a B.S. degree in electronic engineering and information science from the University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, in 2004, and a Doctoral degree in signal and information processing from the Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, in 2009. Since 2009, she has been with the Institute ofElectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. Her research interests include synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging and geo-correction, SAR simulation, and SAR image interpretation. She currently serves as an Associate Editor for the IEEE GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LETTERS. E-mail: xlqiu@mail.ie.ac.cn

XU Feng (S’06–M’08–SM’14) received a B.E. degree (Hons.) in information engineering from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 2003, and a Ph.D. degree (Hons.) in electronic engineering from Fudan University, Shanghai, China, in 2008. From 2008 to 2010, he was a Postdoctoral Fellow with the NOAA Center for Satellite Application and Research (STAR), Camp Springs, MD. From 2010 to 2013, he was with Intelligent Automation Inc., Rockville, while partly working for the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, as a Research Scientist. In 2013, he joined Fudan University, where he is currently a professor with the School of Information Science and Technology. E-mail: fengxu@fudan.edu.cn

LIANG Xingdong received a Ph.D. degree from the Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China, in 2001. Since 2002, he has been with the Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, where he is currently a Professor of the Science and Technology on Microwave Imaging Laboratory. His research interests include real-time radar signal processing, coherent polarimetric and interferometric SAR systems. E-mail: xdliang@mail.ie.ac.cn

JIAO Zekun received a B.S. degree in electronic engineering and information science from the University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, in 2014, and a Doctoral degree in signal and information processing from the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, in 2019. Since 2019, he has been with the Institute ofElectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing. His research interests include synthetic aperture radar (SAR) 3D imaging. E-mail: zkjiao@mail.ie.ac.cn

ZHANG Fubo received a Ph.D. degree from the Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China, in 2015. Since 2015, he has been with the Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Science. His research interests include synthetic aperture radar tomography. E-mail: zhangfubo8866@126.com

Corresponding author: DING Chibiao, cbding@mail.ie.ac.cn; QIU Xiaolan, xlqiu@mail.ie.ac.cn

摘要

摘要: 合成孔径雷达3维成像技术可以消除目标和地形在2维图像上产生的严重混叠，显著提升目标识别和3维建模能力，已经成为当前SAR发展的重要趋势。合成孔径雷达3维成像技术经过了数十年的发展，已提出多种技术体制。该文系统性回顾了SAR 3维成像技术领域的发展过程，深入分析了现有SAR 3维成像技术的特点；指出了SAR回波及图像中蕴含的未被现有技术利用的3维信息，提出“合成孔径雷达微波视觉3维成像”的新概念和新思路，将SAR成像方法与微波散射机制和图像视觉语义有机融合，形成SAR微波视觉3维成像理论与方法，实现高效能、低成本的SAR 3维成像。该文重点阐述了SAR微波视觉3维成像的概念、目标和关键科学问题，并给出了初步的技术途径，为SAR 3维成像提供了新的技术思路。
- 合成孔径雷达3维成像 /
- 阵列干涉 /
- 层析SAR /
- SAR微波视觉3维成像
Abstract: Synthetic Aperture Radar three-dimensional (SAR 3D) imaging technology can eliminate severe overlap in 2D images, and improve target recognition and 3D modeling capabilities, which have become an important trend in SAR development. After decades of development of SAR 3D imaging technology, many types of 3D imaging methods have been proposed. In this study, the history of SAR 3D imaging technology is systematically reviewed and the characteristics of existing SAR 3D imaging technology are analyzed. Given that the 3D information contained in SAR echo and images is not fully used by existing techniques, a new concept of SAR microwave vision 3D imaging has been proposed for the first time. This new concept is integrated with microwave scattering mechanism and image visual semantics to realize three-dimensional reconstruction, which form the theory and method of SAR microwave vision 3D imaging and can achieve high-efficiency and low-cost SAR 3D imaging. This study also analyzes the concept, goal and key scientific problems of SAR microwave vision 3D imaging and provides a preliminary solution, which will contribute in several ways to our understanding of SAR 3D imaging and provide the basis for further research.
- SAR 3D imaging /
- Array InSAR /
- SAR Tomography /
- SAR microwave vision 3D imaging

HTML全文

图 1 TomoSAR 3维成像原理图

Figure 1. Diagrammatic sketch of TomoSAR 3D imaging

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图 2 TomoSAR 3维成像几何原理图

Figure 2. TomoSAR imaging geometry

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图 3 2010年，德宇航首个城区TomoSAR 3维成像^[12]

Figure 3. TomoSAR 3D imaging result of urban areas by DLR in 2010^[12]

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图 4 极化层析SAR与HoloSAR 3维成像

Figure 4. Three-dimensional imaging results of PolTomoSAR and HoloSAR

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图 5 德国联邦铁路公司总部层析成像结果^[32]

Figure 5. TomoSAR imaging results of DB Headquarters in Munich^[32]

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图 6 TerraSAR-X卫星轨道控制精度示意图^[33]

Figure 6. Diagrammatic sketch of TSX orbit control performance^[33]

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图 7 下视阵列3维成像技术示意图

Figure 7. Diagrammatic sketch of downward looking array 3D imaging

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图 8 全球阵列SAR 3维成像系统

Figure 8. Global array 3D imaging systems

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图 9 阵列干涉SAR 3维成像示意图

Figure 9. Diagrammatic sketch of Array InSAR 3D imaging

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图 10 阵列干涉SAR 3维超分辨成像算法原理示意图

Figure 10. Diagrammatic sketch of Array InSAR super-resolution imaging algorithm

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图 11 传统成像算法与阵列超分辨算法原理及效果对比

Figure 11. Comparison of principles and performances between traditional methods and Array InSAR imaging method

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图 12 空时频多维信号波形编码方案原理示意图

Figure 12. Diagrammatic sketch of multidimensional waveform coding

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图 13 多维信号波形正交编码成像结果对比图

Figure 13. Comparison between traditional and multidimensional orthogonal waveform imaging results

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图 14 刚柔组合的柔性基线测量和补偿方法原理示意图

Figure 14. Diagrammatic sketch of flexible baseline measurement and compensation algorithm

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图 15 中科院电子所阵列干涉SAR 3维成像系统

Figure 15. Array InSAR 3D imaging system by IECAS

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图 16 独栋建筑阵列干涉SAR 3维成像结果

Figure 16. Array InSAR 3D imaging results of a single building

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图 17 阵列干涉SAR小区场景3维重建结果

Figure 17. 3D imaging results by array InSAR of the observed scene

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图 18 电磁散射求逆问题示意图

Figure 18. Diagrammatic sketch of inverse problem of electromagnetic scattering

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图 19 SAR成像与光学成像的区别

Figure 19. Differences between SAR and optical images

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图 20 基于微波视觉的3维成像概念

Figure 20. SAR microwave vision 3D imaging

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图 21 SAR图像中某叠掩像素的信号表达式

Figure 21. Signal model of the overlapping pixel

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图 1 Diagram of the TomoSAR 3D imaging

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图 2 TomoSAR imaging geometry

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图 3 TomoSAR 3D imaging result of urban areas by DLR^[12]

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图 4 Three-dimensional PolTomoSAR and HoloSAR imaging results

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图 5 TomoSAR imaging results of the DB Headquarters in Munich^[32]

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图 6 Diagram of the TSX orbit control performance^[33]

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图 7 Diagram of the downward-looking array 3D imaging

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图 8 Global array 3D imaging systems

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图 9 Diagram of the array InSAR 3D imaging

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图 10 Diagram of the array InSAR super-resolution imaging algorithm

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图 11 Comparison of principles and performances of traditional methods and the array InSAR imaging method

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图 12 Diagram of the multidimensional waveform coding

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图 13 Comparison between traditional and multidimensional orthogonal waveform imaging results

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图 14 Sketch of the flexible baseline measurement and compensation algorithm

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图 15 Array InSAR 3D imaging system by IECAS

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图 16 array InSAR 3D imaging results of a single building

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图 17 3D imaging results by the array InSAR

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图 18 Sketch of the inverse problem of electromagnetic scattering

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图 19 Differences between the SAR and optical images

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图 20 SAR microwave vision 3D imaging

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图 21 Signal model of the overlapping pixel

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表 1 SAR 微波视觉3维成像与传统成像技术的对比

Table 1. Comparison between SAR microwave vision 3D imaging and traditional 3D imaging techniques

维度		分辨机理	分辨方法	信息来源	雷达体制
1	距离维	时间分辨	脉冲压缩	频率扩展	传统雷达
2	方位维	角度分辨	合成孔径	空间扩展	2维雷达成像(SAR)
3	高度维	角度分辨	合成孔径	空间扩展	层析/阵列干涉SAR 3维成像
3	高度维	散射机制视觉语义角度分辨	SAR微波视觉 3维成像方法	散射机制视觉内容空间扩展	微波视觉 3维SAR

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表 1 Comparison between SAR microwave vision 3D and traditional 3D imaging techniques

	Dimension	Resolution mechanism	Processing method	Source of information	Radar system
1st	Range	Time resolution	Range compression	Frequency expansion	Traditional radar
2nd	Azimuth	Angular resolution	Synthetic aperture	Space expansion	SAR
3rd	Elevation	Angular resolution	Synthetic aperture	Space expansion	TomoSAR and array InSAR
3rd	Elevation	Scattering mechanism visual semantics angular resolution	SAR microwave vision 3D imaging	Scattering mechanism Visual information space expansion	Microwave vision 3D SAR

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