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摘要: 近年来衍射光学系统得到了快速发展，衍射器件(如二元光学器件和膜基透镜)相当于微波天线的固定移相器，微波相控阵天线成熟的理论和方法应可用于其性能分析。激光SAR和激光通信都具有单色且波长较长的特点，特别适合采用非成像衍射光学系统，通过衍射器件实现信号波前控制，减小焦距并有利于系统的轻量化。基于衍射光学系统，研究激光SAR和激光通信技术具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。该文给出了衍射光学系统的相控阵解释，介绍了基于衍射光学系统已开展的机载激光SAR和星载激光SAR研究工作。提出了艇载1 m衍射口径激光通信和干涉定位系统概念并分析了其性能，该系统在10 m短基线下，其作用距离将达到4×108 km，对应的定位精度在6 km量级，可用于深空探测。该文同时探讨了稀疏采样激光成像问题，在激光照射目标条件下，提出用傅里叶透镜将激光图像信号变换到频域，在低频区域利用小规模探测器实施稀疏采样，等效进行2维低通滤波处理，再用计算机重构目标图像的设想，给出了一些初步的仿真结果。Abstract: In recent years, the diffractive optical systems have developed rapidly. Diffractive devices such as binary optical device and membrane-based lens are equivalent to fixed phase shifters of microwave antennas. Thus, the mature theories and methods of a microwave phased-array antenna could be used for diffractive devices’ performance analysis. Both laser Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and laser communication feature a single color and long wavelength, and they are specifically suitable for non-imaging diffractive optical systems. A signal wave front control realized by a diffraction device reduces the focal length and the weight of a system. Research on laser SAR and laser communication technology has important theoretical significance and application value for diffractive optical system. In this paper, we provide a phased-array interpretation of a diffractive optical system and introduce research that has been conducted on airborne and spaceborne laser SAR with respect to diffractive optical systems. We propose the concept of shipborne 1 m diffraction aperture laser communication and an interferometric positioning system and analyze its performance. The results indicated that, using a 10 m short baseline, this system can reach 400 million km with a corresponding positioning accuracy of 6 km that is suitable for use during deep space probes. We also discuss the sparse-sampling laser-imaging problem using a laser to illuminate the target, transforming the laser image signal into the frequency domain with Fourier lens, using the small-scale detector to perform sparse sampling in the low-frequency domain, and reconstructing the target image using a computer. Some preliminary simulation results are provided.
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图 1 在馈源和主镜两处使用衍射器件的机载激光SAR接收衍射光学系统示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of an airborne laser SAR receiving diffraction optical system using a diffraction device at both the feed and the main mirror
图 2 基于衍射光学系统的星载激光SAR系统概念示意图
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of spaceborne laser SAR system based on diffractive optical system
图 3 基于光学合成孔径的衍射光学系统
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of diffractive optical system based on optical synthetic aperture
图 4 短基线激光通信干涉系统在艇上的布设示意图
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of short baseline laser communication interferometric system on the ship
图 5 激光波束2维扫描的衍射光学系统示意图
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of a diffractive optical system for laser beam two-dimensional scanning
图 6 傅里叶光学成像中的4f实验示意图
Figure 6. Schematic diagram of 4f experiment in Fourier optical imaging
图 7 原始图像、2维频谱及其局部放大图
Figure 7. Original image, two-dimensional spectrum and its partial enlarged view
图 8 1/2×1/2规模频域探测器范围、对应的图像及其局部放大图
Figure 8. The 1/2×1/2 scale frequency domain detector range, its corresponding image and partial enlarged view
图 9 1/4×1/4规模频域探测器范围、对应的图像及其局部放大图
Figure 9. The 1/4×1/4 scale frequency domain detector range, its corresponding image and partial enlarged view
图 10 5个有缝拼接的1/4×1/4规模频域探测器范围、对应的图像及其局部放大图
Figure 10. The range of 5 1/4×1/4 scale frequency domain detector with gaps, its corresponding image and partial enlarged view
表 1 激光通信系统参数
Table 1. Parameters of laser telecommunication system
下行参数 数值 上行参数 数值 波长 1.064 μm 波长 1.064 μm 带宽 15 kHz 带宽 15 kHz 探测器发射望远镜口径 0.1 m 艇载发射望远镜口径 1.0 m 艇载接收望远镜口径 1.0 m 探测器接收望远镜口径 0.1 m 探测器激光发射功率 10 W 艇载激光发射功率 15 W 探测器发射光学系统传输效率 0.9 艇载发射光学系统传输效率 0.7 艇载接收光学系统传输效率 0.8 探测器接收光学系统传输效率 0.9 光电探测器量子效率 0.5 光电探测器量子效率 0.5 外差探测效率 0.5 外差探测效率 0.5 光学系统的其他损耗 0.3 光学系统的其他损耗 0.3 电子学噪声系数 2 dB 电子学噪声系数 2 dB 下行数据信噪比 6 dB 上行数据信噪比 6 dB 作用距离 4.08×108 km 作用距离 4.32×108 km 
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