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摘要: 在复杂海洋环境条件下，海上目标探测性能受海杂波的影响很大。海杂波影响因素众多，机理复杂，特征描述和抑制难度大，需要开展长期、系统、持续、深入研究。开展海杂波测量试验并获取不同参数影响下的测量数据，是有效支撑该研究的重要前提。该文重点围绕海杂波测量试验情况，从岸基试验和机载试验两个方面，对加拿大、南非、澳大利亚、美国、西班牙、德国等国家开展的典型外场试验进行了归类梳理和总结，回顾了美国和日本开展的造浪池海杂波测量试验，并简要介绍了国内开展的海杂波测量试验和烟台的海上目标探测试验中心建设情况。最后，对后续试验仍需重点关注的方向做了展望，包括系统性、持续性的海杂波测量试验仍需进一步开展，任务背景牵引的海杂波测量试验及数据分析仍需强化，面向智能雷达应用的海杂波和目标回波数据集亟需构建。Abstract: In complex marine environments, sea clutter greatly affects the detection performance of maritime targets. Because the influencing factors of sea clutter are numerous and the mechanism is complex, there are great difficulties in feature description and sea clutter suppression, and it is necessary to carry out long-term, systematic, continuous, and in-depth research. Carrying out sea clutter measurement experiments and obtaining measurement data under the influence of different parameters is an important prerequisite for supporting this research. This paper mainly focuses on the sea clutter measurements that have been carried out. First, typical experiments in various countries such as Canada, South Africa, Australia, the United States, Spain, and Germany are categorized and summarized from the aspects of shore-based experiment and airborne experiment. Then, sea clutter measurement experiments with wave tank conducted by the United States and Japan are reviewed, and domestic sea clutter measurement experiments as well as the construction of the maritime target detection experimental center in Yantai are briefly introduced. Finally, the future research directions that should be emphasized are projected: more systematic and continuous sea clutter measurement experiments need to be conducted; experiment and data analysis under explicit task background need to be strengthened; and sea clutter and target datasets that meet the requirement of intelligent radar applications need to be urgently constructed.
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Key words:
- Sea clutter /
- Target detection /
- Measurement experiments /
- Property description /
- Radar
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表 1 IPIX雷达参数
Table 1. IPIX radar parameters
参数 参数值 参数 参数值 工作频率(GHz) 9.39 波束宽度(°) 0.9 峰值功率(kW) 8 距离分辨率(m) 30 脉宽(μs) 0.2 距离采样间隔(m) 15 重频(PRF) (kHz) 1 中频频率(MHz) 150 天线增益(dB) 45.7 量化位数 8位 
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表 2 Fynmeet雷达系统性能参数
Table 2. Fynmeet system and performance specifications
分机 参数 参数值 发射机 频率范围(GHz) 6.5～17.5 峰值功率(kW) 2 PRF范围(kHz) 0～30 波形 固定频、步进频、捷变频等 天线 类型 双偏置反射器 增益(dB) ≥ 30 波束宽度(°) ≤ 2 旁瓣(dB) ≤ –25 接收机 动态范围(dB) 60/120 采集范围(km) 0.2～15 距离门 1～96个，15 m/45 m分辨率 采样类型 I/Q中频采样 镜像干扰抑制(dBc) ≤ –41
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表 3 地理位置和环境参数汇总
Table 3. Summary of geometry and environment conditions
参数 不同架设位置的参数值 OTB 信号山 雷达高度(m) 67 294 与海岸线距离(km) 1.2 1.25 方位角范围 90°N～225°N 240°N～20°N 擦地角(°) 0.3～3 0.3～10 最大观测距离(km) 15 60 平均风速(m/s) 0～10.3 0～20.58 最大风速(m/s) 20.58 30.87 主导风向 180°N～270°N 130°N～140°N, 320°N～330°N 有效波高(m) 1～3.8 1～6 最大波高(m) 7.31 11.26 涌浪方向 135°N～180°N 230°N～270°N
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表 4 S波段雷达主要性能参数
Table 4. Specifications of the S-band radar system
参数 参数值 工作频率(GHz) 3.2～3.3 瞬时发射带宽(MHz) 50 瞬时接收带宽(MHz) 10 接收机通道数 4路，实际使用3路 存储深度 支持至少连续300 s连续采样 输出功率(kW) 1 占空比(%) 6.5 中频频率(MHz) 125 量化位数 14位 极化方式 HH, VV
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表 5 XPAR和发射机的主要性能参数
Table 5. Specifications of the XPAR and transmitter
参数 参数值 工作频率(GHz) 1.3 发射机波束宽度(°) 120 发射机峰值功率(W) 500 发射机带宽(MHz) 5 发射天线增益(dBi) 12 脉宽(μs) 20 PRF (kHz) 5 通道间方位间隔 0.5倍波长 通道波束宽度(°) 120 阵列波束宽度(波束形成后)(°) 6.3 接收天线增益(dBi) 12 中频频率(MHz) 175 量化位数 14位 极化方式 VV
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表 6 记录的气象和波浪参数
Table 6. Recorded weather and wave parameters
参数 参数值 kix022数据 kix040数据 平均风向(°) 340 230 与阵列法线夹角(°) 162 52 平均波浪方向(°) 231 222 平均风速(m/s) 4.5 4.7 阵风风速(m/s) 7.2 25 温度(°C) 15.0 15.2 有效波高(m) 2.4 2.8 最大波高(m) 3.4 6.6
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表 7 X波段雷达参数
Table 7. X-band radar parameters
参数 参数值 工作频率(GHz) 9.5～10.0 峰值功率(kW) 500 脉宽(ns) 2.5(脉压后) 距离分辨率(m) 0.3 PRF (kHz) 2 信号处理 I/Q通道同步解调，8位量化，
500 MHz采样率采集波门宽度 156 m，包含512个距离单元 采集模式 聚束模式 波束宽度(°) 2.4(水平)/4(俯仰) 极化方式 HH或VV
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表 8 LFMCW雷达参数和试验参数
Table 8. LFMCW radar and experimental parameters
参数 参数值 工作频率(GHz) 28～30 极化 HH 带宽(GHz) 2 (最大值) PRF (kHz) 3 (最大值) 波束宽度(°) 3 距离分辨率(m) 0.08, 0.16和0.8 波门中心与雷达的距离(m) 1080, 1755 波门宽度(m) 108 擦地角(°) 2.52～2.79, 1.58～1.68 方位角(°) 138, 180 平均风向(°) 270 海况 3～4级(由风速等级推断)
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表 9 NetRAD系统参数
Table 9. NetRAD system parameters
参数 参数值 工作频率(GHz) 2.45 带宽(MHz) 45 峰值功率(dBm) 57.7 单基地距离分辨率(m) 4.9 PRF (kHz) 1 脉宽(μs) 0.4～20 极化 HH, VV 波束宽度(°) 11.3 (俯仰)/8.9 (水平) 天线增益(dBi) 23.8
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表 10 RSTER系统参数
Table 10. RSTER system parameters
参数 参数值 工作频率(MHz) 400～500 带宽(MHz) 0.2 天线增益(dBi) 29 峰值功率(kW) 100 平均功率(kW) 6 PRF (kHz) 0.25～1.5 波束宽度(°) 9 (水平)/6 (俯仰)
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表 11 MCARM计划的雷达参数
Table 11. Radar parameters of the MCARM program
参数 参数值 工作频率(GHz) 1.25 峰值功率(kW) 20 波形 LFM信号或加窗的射频信号 脉冲压缩比 63 PRF (kHz) 单基地：0.5, 2, 7
双基地：0.313, 23距离分辨率(m) 120 发射天线波束宽度(°) 7.5 天线单元数 16列8行，共128个单元 接收机通道数 24路 接收机带宽(MHz) 0.8
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表 12 LSCL试验的主要参数
Table 12. Main parameters of the LSCL experiment
参数 参数值 波段 X波段 脉宽(ns) 32 采样率(MHz) 70 PRF 大多数为1250 Hz 波束内的脉冲数 最多21个 CNR 约30%高于10 dB 风向 逆风、侧风和顺风 擦地角 平均为1.56° 数据总时长(h) 约5.6 风速等级 3个架次分布为3级、6级和4级
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表 13 雷达系统参数和海洋环境参数
Table 13. Radar system and environmental parameters
类别 参数 参数值 雷达系统 工作频率(GHz) 9.375 峰值功率(kW) 8 最大占空比(%) 2 距离分辨率(m) 1.5 PRF (Hz) 500 带宽(MHz) 96 波束宽度(°) 3.8 (水平)/8 (俯仰) 海洋环境 海况 2～3级 有效波高(m) 3～4 波长(m) 15 波周期(s) 10～12 涌浪方向 西北方向 风向 从西北到东南 风速(m/s) 5.14～6.17
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表 14 典型试验参数
Table 14. Typical experimental parameters
参数 参数值 工作频率(GHz) 10.1 LFM带宽(MHz) 200 极化 HH, VV, HV, VH 脉宽(μs) 20 距离分辨率(m) 0.5 距离向采样点数 1024个 方位角(°) 0～360 PRF (Hz) 540 方位向3 dB波束宽度 2.4° 飞行高度(km) 1.353 平台速度(km/h) 约291
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表 15 两型机载雷达系统试验参数
Table 15. Experimental parameters of two airborne radar systems
参数类型 XWEAR雷达系统 PAMIR雷达系统 工作频率(GHz) 9.75 9.45 峰值功率(kW) 50 1.28 极化 HH VV 距离分辨率(m) 最高为0.3，试验时小于1 最高为0.1，试验时7.5 试验时工作模式 聚束模式 扫描MTI条带模式 PRF (kHz) 1 3 试验地点 Halifax东海岸(44°30$ '$N, 63°25$ '$W) 德国Helgoland和Wilhelmshaven之间的北海 载机飞行高度(km) 1.828, 3.932, 7.01 2.5 飞行速度(m/s) 100 100 擦地角(°) 7, 15, 28 20 波高范围(m) 1.97～2.21 (有效波高) 0.9～1.5 (涌浪高度)
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表 16 造浪池试验雷达系统主要参数
Table 16. Main radar system parameters of wave tank experiment
参数 FMCW雷达 MIDAS雷达 IIS雷达 雷达体制 调频连续波 脉冲多普勒 连续波散射计 工作频率(GHz) 4～8 (典型值为6) 3.15, 9.75, 15.75, 34.75, 94 3.2, 5.4, 9.6 带宽 125 MHz～4 MHz (典型值为4 MHz) 500 MHz – 波束宽度(°) 3 5 13.7/16.6 天线类型 抛物面天线 喇叭天线(3.15 GHz时为抛物面天线) 喇叭天线 极化方式 双极化(HH, VV) 双极化(HH, VV) 单极化(HH或VV) PRF (kHz) 1 2 1 擦地角(°) 6 3～24 30～75
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表 17 C波段雷达主要试验参数
Table 17. Main parameters of the C-band radar experiment
参类 参数值 工作频率(GHz) 5.5 PRF(kHz) 1 脉宽 1 μs，压缩比3 波束宽度 锥形波束，2.2° 天线转速 90°/s 极化 HH 采集数据空间范围 方位角范围：50°；距离范围：7 km 信号处理 500 MHz采样率，I/Q同步采集 海况 3～4级(根据Beaufort风速等级推断)
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