Editor-in-Chief: Wu Yi-rong
Associate Editors-in-Chief:
Li Chunsheng Liao Guisheng Long Teng Wang Xuesong Yu Wenxian Zuo Qunsheng

Chris J. Baker (UK) holds the University of Birmingham chair in intelligent sensor systems and is also the Chief Technology Officer of Aveillant Ltd. Prior to this he was the Ohio State Research Scholar in Integrated Sensor Systems at The Ohio State University. Until June 2011 he was the Dean and Director of the College of Engineering and Computer Science at the Australian National University (ANU). Before this he held the Thales-Royal Academy of Engineering Chair of intelligent radar systems based at University College London. He has been actively engaged in radar systems research since 1984 and is the author of over three hundred publications. His research interests include, coherent radar techniques, radar signal processing, radar signal interpretation, electronically scanned radar systems, radar imaging, natural and cognitive echo locating systems. He is the recipient of the IEE Mountbatten premium (twice), the IEE Institute premium and is a Fellow of the IET and the IEEE.
Hao Chen (Canada) is a Senior Physical Scientist with the Canadian Forest Service (CFS), Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), at the Pacific Forestry Centre in Victoria, British Columbia (BC), Canada. He holds a B.A.Sc. in Electrical Engineering (1983) from Beijing Iron and Steel Institute, Beijing, China, and a M.Sc. in Computer Science (2004) from the University of Victoria (UVic), Victoria, BC, Canada. Since joining the CFS in 2000, his research has mainly involved in radar remote sensing for forest applications using spaceborne SAR systems from Canada’s Radarsat-1/2, Japan’s ALOS-1/2, Germany’s TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X, and ESA’s Sentinel-1, as well as airborne SAR systems from JPL AIRSAR and CCRS Covair-580. He has also worked on hyperspectral sensing from aircraft (UVic AISA imaging spectrometer) and spaceborne (NASA EO-1 Hyperion/ALI). As part of Canada’s effort in radar satellites, his work currently focuses on polarimetric/interferometric SAR analysis and modeling, compact polarimetry decomposition, data fusion between radar and optical sensors, and the use of advanced High Performance Computing (HPC) for remote sensing data processing and applications. He was a co-principal investigator for a BC-China international research program, Development and Demonstration of Radarsat-2 Forestry Applications, supported by NRCan, the Innovation Council of British Columbia, and the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology between 2009 and 2011. Since 2016 he has been working with the University of Victoria on a collaborative project, Research on Radar Polarimetry and Compact-polarimetry and Applications, jointly with the Microwave Imaging and Technology Laboratory, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Hao Chen is a member of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society. He has many publications and given presentations to national and international organizations.

Prof. Mihai Datcu, Remote Sensing Technology Institute, DLR
Prof. Mihai Datcu, is Senior Scientist and Image Analysis research group leader with the Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF) of DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen. He has been Professor holder of the DLR-CNES Chair at ParisTech, Paris Institute of Technology, Telecom Paris. He initiated the European frame of projects for Image Information Mining (IIM) and is involved in research programs for information extraction, data mining and knowledge discovery and data understanding with the European Space Agency (ESA), NASA, and in a variety of national and European projects. He is a member of the ESA Big Data from Space Working Group. He and his team have developed and are currently developing the operational IIM processor in the Payload Ground Segment systems for the German missions TerraSAR-X, TanDEM-X, and the ESA Sentinel 1 and 2. He is the author of more than 200 scientific publications, among them about 60 journal papers, and a book on number theory. He has served as a co-organizer of International Conferences and workshops, and as guest editor of special issue on IIM of the IEEE and other journals. He received in 2006 the Best Paper Award, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society Prize, in 2008 the National Order of Merit with the rank of Knight, for outstanding international research results, awarded by the President of Romania, and in 1987 the Romanian Academy Prize Traian Vuia for the development of SAADI image analysis system and activity in image processing. He is representative of Romanian in the ESA Industrial Policy Committee (IPC) and Earth Observation Program Board (EO-PB). He was awarded the Blaise Pascal Chair in Paris for international contributions in the fields of Earth Observation Data Science. He is IEEE Fellow.

Xiaoli Ding received his B.Eng. from Central South University and PhD from University of Sydney. He is Chair Professor in the Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. He is a Fellow of Hong Kong Institute of Engineering Surveyors, Institute of Civil Engineering Surveyors, Royale Institute of Chartered Surveyors, and International Association of Geodesy. He is Vice Chair of Engineering Surveying Sub-Society, Chinese Society for Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography. He has received the 2nd Class State Scientific and Technological Progress Award, 1st class Natural Science Award from the Ministry of Education, 1 class Scientific and Technological Progress Award of Hunan Province, 1 class Scientific and Technological Progress Award of Shanxi Province, and 1 class National Scientific and Technological Progress Award in Surveying and Mapping. He is Co-Editor in Chief of Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment. He has published over 250 papers in academic journals.

Laurent Ferro-Famil (French) received the M.S. degree in electronic systems and computer engineering and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Nantes, Nantes, France, in 1996 and 2000, respectively. In 2001, he became an Associate Professor with the University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France, where he has been a Full Professor since 2011 and is currently the Head of the Waves and Signals Department, Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes. His current teaching interests include analog electronics, digital ommunications, microwave theory, signal processing, polarimetric SAR remote sensing, whereas his research activities deal with advanced EM imaging, polarimetric SAR signal statistical rocessing, radar polarimetry theory, and natural media remote sensing using multibaseline PolInSAR data, with application to classification, electromagnetic scattering modeling and physical parameter retrieval, time–frequency analysis, and 3-D reconstruction of environments using SAR tomography.

Alejandro C. Frery (Brazil) Frery received the B.S. degree in electronic and electrical engineering from the Universidad de Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina, the M.Sc. degree in applied mathematics (statistics) from the Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the Ph.D. degree in applied computing from the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, Brazil.He is currently with the Instituto de Computação, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil. His research interests are statistical computing and stochastic modeling.

Prof. Akira Hirose, The University of Tokyo, Japan
Akira Hirose (F '13) received the Ph.D. degree in electronic engineering from the University of Tokyo in 1991. In 1987, he joined the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), the University of Tokyo, as a Research Associate. In 1991, he was appointed as an Instructor at the RCAST. From 1993 to 1995, on leave of absence from The University of Tokyo, he joined the Institute for Neuroinformatics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. He is currently a Professor with the Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, the University of Tokyo. The main fields of his research interests are wireless electronics and neural networks. In the fields, he published several books such as Complex-Valued Neural Networks, 2nd Edition (Springer 2012). Dr. Hirose is a Fellow of the IEEE, Senior Member of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers (IEICE) and a member of the Japanese Neural Network Society (JNNS). He is the recipient of a number of awards such as IEEE/INNS WCCI-IJCNN Runner-up Best Paper Award (IEEE Computational Intelligence Society (CIS) 2010), Excellent Service Award (IEICE Electronics Society ES), 2008, on ES General Secretary), IEEE/INNS WCCIIJCNN Best Session Presentation Award (IEEE, INNS 2006), Excellent Service Award (IEICE Electronics Society (ES), 2006, on Electromagnetic Theory (EMT) Technical Group), and ICONIP Best Paper Award (Asia-Pacific Neural Network Assembly (APNNA), 2004). He served as the Editor-in-Chief of the IEICE Transactions on Electronics (2011-2012), an Associate Editor of journals such as the IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks (2009-2011), the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Newsletter (2009-2012), the Chair of the Neurocomputing Technical Group in the IEICE, and the General Chair of the 2013 Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (APSAR 2013) in Tsukuba. He currently serves as a member of the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society (CIS) Neural Networks Technical Committee (NNTC), the Founding Chair of the NNTC Complex-Valued Neural Network Task Force, the Governing Board Member of the Asia-Pacific Neural Network Assembly, Vice President of the IEICE Electronics Society, President of the JNNS, and the IEEE GRSS Tokyo Chapter Chair.

Ercan Engin Kuruoglu (Italy) was born in Italy, 1969. He received his Ph.D. and M.Phil. degree in Information Engineering from University of Cambridge, U.K., in 1998 and 1995 respectively, the M.Sc. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey, August 1993, the B.Sc. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering: (with high honours) from Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey, July 1991. He currently works as a senior researcher at Institute of Information Science and Technology (ISTI), Italian National Council of Research (CNR). His research interests include data/information science, machine learning, signal and image processing, remote sensing, information and coding theory, noise and system modelling, telecommunications. He is an Editor in Chief of Digital Signal Processing: A Review Journal, Elsevier, 2011-, the Member of the editorial boards of Entropy, MDPI, 2018-; EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, Springer, 2009-2018; Digital Signal Processing: A Review Journal, Elsevier, 2001-2011. He has been on the advisory board of SCI and MDPI. Up to now, he has published over 150 papers in journals and conferences. He holds 5 granted patents and he has 9 major projects. He was an Alexander von Humboldt Experienced Research Fellow from 2012 to 2014, the 111 Foreign Experts Programme Fellow respectively in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, People’s Republic of China, the Senior Member of IEEE in 2006, and he has received IEEE SIU Best Paper Award in 2005. Email: kuruoglu@isti.cnr.it.

Henry Leung is a professor of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the University of Calgary. His current research interests include information fusion, machine learning, internet of things, nonlinear dynamics, robotics, signal and image processing, radar and sensor processing. He has published extensively in the open literature on these topics. He has over 200 journal papers and over 200 refereed conference papers. He also holds more than 15 patents. Dr. Leung is the Topical Editor of the International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems on Robotic Sensors. He is the editor of the Springer book series on “Information Fusion and Data Science”. He has been the associate editor of various journals such as the International Journal on Information Fusion, Sensors, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems, IEEE Trans. Aerospace and Electronic Systems, IEICE Trans. on Nonlinear Theory and Applications. He was the chair of the Nonlinear Circuits and Systems of the IEEE Circuit and System Society and has served on the program committee, organizing committee, track chairs for various conferences such as the SPIE Conference on Sensor Fusion and FUSION. He has also served as guest editors for various journals such as “Intelligent Transportation Systems” for the International Journal on Information Fusion, “Cognitive Sensor Networks” and “Deep Learning for Multi-sensor Multi-source Information Fusion” for the IEEE Sensor Journal. He is a Fellow of IEEE and SPIE.

Jianguo Liu (UK) received Ph.D. 1991, in remote sensing and image processing from Imperial College London, UK and M.Sc. 1982, in remote sensing and geology from China University of Geosciences, Beijing, China. He is a Reader in Remote Sensing in the Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London. His current research activities are sub-pixel technology for image registration, DEM generation and change detection, image processing techniques for data fusion, filtering and InSAR, and GIS multi-data modelling for geohazard studies.
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Vito Pascazio (Italy) is currently Full Professor of Telecommunications at the University of Napoli Parthenope, Italy. He graduated (cum laude) in 1986 at the University of Bari, Italy, in Electronic Engineering. In the same year he joined the Department of Electronic Engineering of the University of Napoli "Federico II", Italy, where, in 1990 he received the Ph.D. degree in Electronic Engineering and Computer Science. During the same year he was awarded of the Philip Morris Prize for Scientific and Technological Research. In 1990 he was at the Research Institute on Electromagnetics and Electronic Devices (IRECE) of the Italian National Council of Research (CNR), Napoli, Italy, and in the same year he joined the Università di Napoli "Parthenope", Napoli, Italy; Vito Pascazio was also Chair of the Department of Engineering of the Università di Napoli "Parthenope" from 2013 to 2019, and he was the Director of the National Laboratory of Multimedia Communication of National Consortium Inter-Universitary of Telecommunication (CNIT) from 2010 to 2016. In 1994-1995 he was visiting scientist at the Laboratoire des Signaux et Systemes of the Ecole Superieure d'Electricite (Supelec), Gif sur Yvette, France, and in 1998-1999 at the Universite de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, France. He served as General Co-Chair IGARSS 2015 conference and as member in the Technical Commeettees of several IGARSS conferences. Vito Pascazio served as referee on several International Journals. Dr. Pascazio published about 200 technical papers, and he is Senior Member of IEEE. His main research interests are in the field of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Image Processing, including SAR Interferometry, SAR Tomography, SAR Along-Track Interferometry, and Ground Based SAR; Microwave Tomographic Image Reconstruction, including Ground Penetrating Radars, and De-mining radars; Biomedical Image processing, including Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Image Processing, including Image Compression, Speckle Filtering, and Compressive Sensing; Linear and Nonlinear Statistical Signal Processing, including Markov Random Field Bayesian Image Processing.

Hing Cheung So (Hong Kong) was born in Hong Kong. He received the B.Eng. degree from the City University of Hong Kong and the Ph.D. degree from The Chinese University of Hong Kong, both in electronic engineering, in 1990 and 1995, respectively. From 1990 to 1991, he was an Electronic Engineer with the Research and Development Division, Everex Systems Engineering Ltd., Hong Kong. During 1995–1996, he was a Postdoctoral Fellow with The Chinese University of Hong Kong. From 1996 to 1999, he was a Research Assistant Professor with the Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, where he is currently a Professor. His research interests include detection and estimation, fast and adaptive algorithms, multidimensional harmonic retrieval, robust signal processing, source localization, and sparse approximation. He has been on the editorial boards of IEEE Signal Processing Magazine (2014–2017), IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing (2010–2014), Signal Processing (2010–), and Digital Signal Processing (2011–). He was also Lead Guest Editor for IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, special issue on “Advances in Time/Frequency Modulated Array Signal Processing” in 2017. In addition, he was an elected member in Signal Processing Theory and Methods Technical Committee (2011–2016) of the IEEE Signal Processing Society where he was chair in the awards subcommittee (2015–2016). He has been named a 2015 IEEE Fellow in recognition of his contributions to spectral analysis and source localization. His URL: http://www.ee.cityu.edu.hk/~hcso

Zhengdao Wang (USA) received his B.S. degree in Electronic Engineering and Information Science from the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), 1996, the M.Sc. degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Virginia, 1999, and Ph.D. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Minnesota, 2002. He is now a professor with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Iowa State University. His interests are in the areas of signal processing, communications, information theory and machine learning. He served as an Associate Editor for IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, IEEE Signal Processing Letters, and IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, IEEE Signal Processing Society Online Video Library, and IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. He currently serves as an Editor for ZTE Communications and Journal of Radar. He was a co-recipient of the IEEE Signal Processing Magazine Best Paper Award in 2003 and the IEEE Communications Society Marconi Paper Prize Award in 2004, and the EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing Best Paper Award, in 2009. He is an IEEE Fellow.

Xiang-Gen Xia received his B.S. degree in mathematics from Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China, and his M.S. degree in mathematics from Nankai University, Tianjin, China, and his Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, in 1983, 1986, and 1992, respectively.
He was a Senior/Research Staff Member at Hughes Research Laboratories, Malibu, California, during 1995-1996. In September 1996, he joined the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, where he is the Charles Black Evans Professor. His current research interests include space-time coding, MIMO and OFDM systems, digital signal processing, and SAR and ISAR imaging. Dr. Xia is the author of the book Modulated Coding for Intersymbol Interference Channels (New York, Marcel Dekker, 2000).
Dr. Xia received the National Science Foundation (NSF) Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program Award in 1997, the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Young Investigator Award in 1998, and the Outstanding Overseas Young Investigator Award from the National Nature Science Foundation of China in 2001. He is currently serving and has served as an Associate Editor for numerous international journals including IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, and IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. Dr. Xia is the General Co-Chair of ICASSP 2005 in Philadelphia.
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Jinhong Yuan (AUS) received the B.E. and Ph.D. degrees in electronics engineering from the Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China, in 1991 and 1997, respectively. From 1997 to 1999, he was a Research Fellow with the School of Electrical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. In 2000, he joined the School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, where he is currently a Professor and Head of Telecommunication Group with the School. He has published two books, five book chapters, over 300 papers in telecommunications journals and conference proceedings, and 50 industrial reports. He is a co-inventor of one patent on MIMO systems and two patents on low-density-parity-check codes. He has co-authored four Best Paper Awards and one Best Poster Award, including the Best Paper Award from the IEEE International Conference on Communications, Kansas City, USA, in 2018, the Best Paper Award from IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Cancun, Mexico, in 2011, and the Best Paper Award from the IEEE International Symposium on Wireless Communications Systems, Trondheim, Norway, in 2007. He is an IEEE Fellow and currently serving as an Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. He served as the IEEE NSW Chapter Chair of Joint Communications/Signal Processions/Ocean Engineering Chapter during 2011-2014 and served as an Associate Editor for the IEEE Transactions on Communications during 2012-2017. He is an IEEE Fellow.

Chen Jie received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in information and communication engineering from the Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (BUAA), Beijing, China, in 1996 and 2002, respectively. Currently, He is a professor and Deputy Dean with the School of Electronics and Information Engineering, BUAA, Beijing, China. His main research area covers high-resolution and wide-coverage synthetic aperture radar (SAR), spaceborne SAR image quality enhancement and ionospheric effects on low-frequency spaceborne radars, etc. In recent years, he held over more than 20 research projects, granted by the National Science Fund China, the National High-tech Research and Development Program of China (‘863’ Program), the Key National Basic Research Project (‘973’ Program), and the New Century Excellent Talents Research Fund, etc. He has published more than 50 SCI-indexed journal papers and over 100 conference papers, and has been authorized over 30 patents. He was awarded the New Century Excellent Talents in University by the Ministry of Education, China, in 2006, and the Excellent Young Teachers in University, by the Fok Ying Tong Education Foundation and Ministry of Education, China, in 2008. Email: chenjie@buaa.edu.cn

Chen Weidong(1968-), male, PhD, currently works as a professor and doctoral supervisor at the School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China. Chen also serves as Vice Dean of School of Information Science and Technology. Chen received his B.S. from the Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China in 1990, and M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Science and Technology of China in 1994 and 2005 respectively. His interests are in the areas of radar imaging, microwave and millimeter wave technology and systems, etc. Prof. Chen has presided over more than 30 research projects to date. Prizes and honors that Prof. Chen has gained include: the first and second prizes of the Science and Technology Progress Award of the CAS, the Young Scientist Award of the CAS, etc. Up to now, he has authored more than 120 research papers. Email: wdchen@ustc.edu.cn

Guolong Cui,born on 1982.11,Male, Ph. D, Professor, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, IEEE Senior Member. He was received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, in July 2005, July 2008, and July 2012, respectively. From January 2011 to April 2011, he was a Visiting Student with University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. From June 2012 to August 2013, he was a Postdoctoral Researcher in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ. From September 2013 to July 2018, he was an Associate Professor in University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. Since August 2018, he has been an Professor in University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. His current research interests include cognitive radar system and signal processing, MIMO radar, urban sensing, advanced array signal processing, cognitive ECCM and multi-function system. He has published more than 100 international journal and conference papers such as IEEE T-SP,IEEE T-AES, and IEEE radar conference, where more than 90 papers are cited by SCI, and 3 by ESI. He holds more than 50 National Invention Patents. He has received Sichuan province science and Technology Progress Award (First Prize, 2013), Sichuan province Outstanding Doctoral Dissertation Award, Candidate for Academic and Technical Leaders in Sichuan Province. He is an expert of KJW, the Associate Editors of Journal of radars, IEEE Access, Signal Image and Video Processing (SIVP), and the Session Chair of IEEE Radar Conference. Email: cuiguolong@uestc.edu.cn Website: http://faculty.uestc.edu.cn/cuiguolong/zh_CN/index.htm

Tie Jun Cui (M’98–SM’00–F’15) received the B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Xidian University, Xi’an, China, in 1987, 1990, and 1993, respectively. In March 1993, he joined the Department of Electromagnetic Engineering, Xidian University, and was promoted to an Associate Professor in November 1993. From 1995 to 1997 he was a Research Fellow with the Institut fur Hochstfrequenztechnik und Elektronik (IHE) at the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. In July 1997, he joined the Center for Computational Electromagnetics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, first as a Postdoctoral Research Associate and then a Research Scientist. In September 2001, he was a Cheung-Kong Professor with the Department of Radio Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. From January 2018, he became Chief Professor of Southeast University.
Dr. Cui is the first author of books Metamaterials – Theory, Design, and Applications (Springer, Nov. 2009) and Metamaterials: Beyond Crystals, Noncrystals, and Quasicrystals (CRC Press, Mar. 2016). He has published over 500 peer-review journal papers in Science, Nature Communications, PNAS, Light, Physical Review Letters, Advanced Materials, IEEE Transactions, etc., which have been cited by more than 24000 times (H-Factor 77; from Google Scholar), and licensed over 60 patents. Dr. Cui was awarded a Research Fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Bonn, Germany, in 1995, received a Young Scientist Award from the International Union of Radio Science in 1999, was awarded a Cheung Kong Professor under the Cheung Kong Scholar Program by the Ministry of Education, China, in 2001, and received National Science Foundation of China for Distinguished Young Scholars in 2002. Dr. Cui received the Natural Science Award (first class) from the Ministry of Education, China, in 2011, and the National Natural Science Awards of China (second class), in 2014 and 2018, respectively. His researches have been selected as one of the most exciting peer-reviewed optics research “Optics in 2016” by Optics and Photonics News Magazine (OSA), 10 Breakthroughs of China Optics in 2016, 10 Breakthroughs of China Science in 2010, “Best of 2010” in New Journal of Physics, and Research Highlights in a series of journals. His work has been widely reported by Nature News, MIT Technology Review, Scientific American, Discover, New Scientists, etc.
Dr. Cui is an IEEE Fellow, and was an Associate Editor in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Guest Editor in Science China - Information Sciences, Guest Editor in Science Bulletin, and Guest Editor in Research. He served as General Co-Chair of the International Workshops on Metamaterials (META’2008, META’2012), TPC Co-Chair of Asian Pacific Microwave Conference (APMC’2005), TPC Co-Chair of Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium (PIERS’2004), and TPC Member of the International Congress on Advanced Electromagnetic Materials in Microwaves and Optics (Metamaterials’2014, 2016, 2018, 2019). He presented more than 30 Keynote and Plenary Talks in Academic Conferences, Symposiums, or Workshops.

DENG Yunkai was born in 1962. He is now a Research Fellow and Ph.D. supervisor of Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He has been the leader of several China spaceborne and airborne SAR programs and developed some key technologies of spaceborne and airborne SAR. Currently, he is the Deputy Director of IECAS. His current research interests include spaceborne/airborne SAR technology for advanced modes, multifunctional radar imaging, and microwave circuit design.

DING Chibiao received a B.S. and Ph.D. degree in electronics engineering from Beihang University, Beijing, China, in 1997. Since 1997, he has been with the Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, where he is currently a Research Fellow and the Vice Director. His research interests include advanced synthetic aperture radar systems, signal processing technology, and information systems.

Du Lan (1980), female, Ph.D., Professor. Her main research interests are in the fields of statistical signal processing and machine learning with application to radar target recognition. From 2007 to 2009, she was involved in research as a Post-Doctoral Research Associate with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. Her Ph.D. dissertation was granted the National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China in 2009. Her research work is supported by the NSFC for Excellent Young Scholars. She was awarded the Chang Jiang Scholars by the Ministry of Education. She is the first or corresponding author of more than 80 papers published in IEEE Trans. SP、JMLR、ESWA、Information Sciences、IEEE Trans. GRS、IEEE Trans. AES、IEEE J-STARS、NIPS and so on. She is currently a Professor with the National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University. E-mail: dulan@mail.xidian.edu.cn

Fang Guangyou received a BS (1984) from Hunan University and an MS(1990) and PhD (1996) from Xi’an Jiaotong University, all in electrical engineering. From 1990 to 1999, he worked as an engineer, associate professor and professor in China Research Institute of Radio wave Propagation(CRIRP). From 2000 to 2001, he was a visiting scholar at University of Trieste and International Center for Science and High Technology (ICS-UNIDO), Italy. From 2001 to 2003, he was a special foreign research fellow of Japan Society for Promotion of Science (JSPS), working with Professor Motoyuki Sato at Tohoku University, Japan. From 2003, he has been a professor of the Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), the Director of the Key Lab of Electromagnetic Radiation & Sensing Technique of CAS,and Vice Director of Institute of Electronics. His research interests include Ultra-Wideband(UWB) radar theory and system technologies, Ground Penetrating Radar(GPR) theory and its applications, Geophysical electromagnetic exploration methods and system technologies, Terahertz(THz) imaging theory and methods. Author of more than 300 publications. Email: gyfang@mail.ie.ac.cn
Guan Jian, Professor of information fusion institute of Naval Aeronautical University. He received the Ph.D. degree in electronic engineering from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China in 2000. His current research interests include radar target detection, tracking, and recognition, information sensing and fusion of marine target. He has published over 20 SCI indexed articles on IEEE and IET journals. He has won the prize of the National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation, the second-class National Science and Technology Progress Prize, first prize of Military Science and Technology Progress Awards. He was selected for National Talents Engineering of Ministry of Personnel of China.

He Zishu received the B.S. degree, M.S. degree and Ph.D. degree in signal and information processing from University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) in 1984, 1988 and 2000 respectively. In 2001,he became an Professor with the UESTC. His current research interests are involved in array signal processing, digital beam forming, the theory on MIMO communication and MIMO radar, adaptive signal processing and interference cancellation. He is currently a member of the Editorial Board for the Journal of Electronic Information, a responsible professor of state-level characteristic discipline (electronic information engineering) and state-level key discipline (signal and information processing). As the person in charge, he has undertaken more than 30 projects, including the National Natural Science Fund Key Project, the National Defense Innovation Key Project and the “863” Project. At present, he undertakes 6 research projects such as the National Natural Science Foundation Project, the National Defense “pre-research” Key Project and the National Defense Science and Technology Key Project. He has received the second prize and third prize of ministry and provincial levels scientific and technological progress awards, third prize of national defense science and technology progress, national science and technology award review expert, and expert with outstanding contribution in Sichuan; He has published more than 300 academic papers on IEEE, IET, etc., and 4 books .

Hu Cheng, male, Ph.D., full professor/doctoral supervisor, Vice-director of Radar Research Lab in Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT); he received the B.S. degree in electronic engineering from the National University of Defense Technology in July 2003 and the Ph.D. degree in target detection and recognition from BIT in July 2009. He was a visiting Research Associate in University of Birmingham for fifteen months from 2006 to 2007. Since September 2009, he joined in the School of Information and Electronics in BIT, and promoted to be full professor since 2014. His main research interests include new concept synthetic aperture radar imaging, and the biological detection radar system and signal processing. He has published over 60 SCI-indexed journal papers and over 100 conference papers, and has been authorized over 50 patents (over 20 patents more are under application). He was sponsored by the ‘Young top-notch talent of the national Ten Thousand Talent Program’ and the ‘Young Elite Teacher Project’ of Beijing Higher Education. He is the IET Fellow, the Chinese Institute of Electronics (CIE) Fellow, the member of the CIE council, the IEEE Senior Member and the member of Youth Working Committee of CIE; he served as the Vice President of the CIE Young Scientists Club and Chairman of Radar and Signal Processing System Committee, the General Chair of IET International Radar Conference 2018, the Technical Program Committee Chair of IET International Radar Conference 2015 and the 20th CIE Youth conference, the Executive Chair of the 22th CIE Youth conference, and session chairs of several international famous conferences (IGARSS 2015/IET 2013/IEEE ChinaSIP 2015); he was also served as the Deputy Director of Key Laboratory of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology for the ‘Hazardous Chemical Accidents and Slope Disaster Prevention and Control’, the Associate Editor-in-Chief of the ‘Signal Detection and Estimation’ Branch of the Editorial Committee of Encyclopedia of China (Third Edition), the member of editorial Committee of SCIENCE CHINA Information Sciences, Journal of Electronics & Information Technology, and Journal of Radars. E-mail:hucheng.bit@gmail.com, cchchb@163.com

Lei Huang (M'07-SM'14) was born in Guangdong, China. He received the B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degrees in electronic engineering from Xidian University, Xi’an, China, in 2000, 2003, and 2005, respectively.
From 2005 to 2006, he was a Research Associate with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. From 2009 to 2010, he was a Research Fellow with the Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, and a Research Associate with the Department of Electronic Engineering, Chinese University of Hong Kong. From 2012 to 2014, he was a Professor with the Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School. Since 2014, he has been with the College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, where he is currently a Distinguished Professor and Vice Dean. His research interests include spectral estimation, array signal processing, statistical signal processing, and their applications in radar, and navigation and wireless communications. He is currently a Senior Area Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, and has served as an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing (2015-2019). He has been an elected member of the Sensor Array and Multichannel (SAM) Technical Committee of the IEEE Signal Processing Society (2016-present). He was elected an IET Fellow in 2018.

Huang Pingping, PhD, Professor, was born in Haiyang, Shandong Province in 1978. He received his Ph.D. degree from the Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences (IECAS), Beijing, China, in 2010.07. He is currently a professor and vice dean with the Department of Information Engineering of Inner Mongolia University of Technology, and the director of Inner Mongolian Key Laboratory of Radar Technology and Application. Prof. Huang is a Leader of "Information and Communication Engineering" discipline as well as "Outstanding Talents Innovation Team on Grassland", and he is also a Head of "National Pioneer of Workers ". Up to now, Prof. Huang has gained many awards include: the First Prize of Inner-Mongolia-Autonomous-Region in Natural Science, the First Prize of Inner-Mongolia-Autonomous-Region in Advance of Science and Technology, Youth Science and Technology Award of Inner-Mongolia-Autonomous-Region, May First Labour Medal of Inner-Mongolia-Autonomous-Region, etc. Prof. Huang has been elected many key talent projects include: The First Level of Grassland Outstanding Talent Project、Outstanding Youth of Natural Science and 321 Project Talent in Inner-Mongolia-Autonomous-Region, Young Science and Technology Talents in Colleges and Universities, The First Young Innovative Talents, etc. Prof. Huang holds the post that a member of the Expert Group, the Ministry of Equipment Development of the Central Military Commission. Other positions he holds include: a member of Signal Processing Branch of Chinese Institute of Electronics (CIE), a member of Graduate Student Education Branch of China Education Society of Electronics (CESE) and the deputy director of Environmental Remote Sensing Branch of China Association for Remote Sensing Application (CARSA). Prof. Huang has presided multiple national grants include: 6 National Projects and more than 20 Scientific Research Projects. He has published over 100 academic papers and over 20 national invention patents have been authorized.

Wen Hong received the Ph.D. degree from Beihang University, Beijing, China, in 1997. She was with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, as a Faculty Member in signal and information processing from 1997 to 2002. In between, she worked with the DLR-HF, Wessling, Germany, as a Guest Scientist from 1998 to 1999. Since 2002, she has been working in the Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IECAS), where she is currently a Professor. Her main research interests are polarimetric/polarimetric interferometric synthetic aperture radar data processing and application, 3-D SAR signal processing, circular SAR signal processing and sparse microwave imaging with compressed Sensing.

Gaoming Huang received his BS and ME degrees in electronic warfare from the Naval Electronic College of Engineering, China, in 1995 and 1998, respectively, and his PhD degree in signal processing from Dongnan University, Nanjing, China, in 2006. He is currently the chief professor in the Department of Information Countermeasures, Naval University of Engineering, China. His research interests are passive detection, intelligent signal processing, and electronic warfare system simulations.

Jin Tian (1980-), male, is the Professor with National University of Defense Technology. He has been long engaged in the research work on radar techniques for concealed target imaging, detection, and recognition. He was the recipient of the National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China, received Young Scientist Award from the International Union of Radio Science, supported by the New Century Excellent Talents Program from the educational ministry,and awarded the Excellent Scientists and Technician of CIE. He is the lecturer of signal processing and system, which is the National Level Excellent Course and Resource Sharing Course. Prof. Jin has authored/coauthored 3 monographs, over 100 peer-reviewed papers, among which over 40 are indexed by SCI. He has also been granted 7 licensed China invent patents, awarded by the provincial and ministerial level scientific and technological progress first prize 1 time and the second prize 2 times. He served as Session Chair/Co-chair or TPC member of several international conferences. Email: tianjin@nudt.edu.cn

Lingjiang Kong, born on 1974.09, Male, Ph. D, Distinguished Professor of Yangtse River Scholar, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. He received the B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, in July 1997, February 2000, and December 2003, respectively. From 2004 to 2006, he was a Lecturer in University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. From 2006 to 2011, he was an Associate Professor in University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. From 2009 to 2010, he was a Visiting Scholar with University of Florida. Since 2011, he has been a Professor in University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. From 2013 to 2017, he served as the Vice Dean of the School of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. Since 2018, he has served as the Dean of the School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. His current research interests include new radar system, statistical signal processing, optimizing theory and algorithms, radar signal processing, non-cooperative signal processing technology, adaptive array signal processing. He has presided over more than 20 national research projects, published more than 80 SCI papers, and applied for 157 invention patents, of which 79 have been authorized. He won 2 the National Technology Inventions Awards (Second-Class), 1 Sichuan Scientific and Technological Progress Award (First-Class). He has been an Associate Editors of Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics. He has served as a reviewer for IEEE journal on Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. From 2011 to 2015, he served as Secretary of the 863. Since 2018, he has served as the KJW expert. Email: ljkong@uestc.edu.cn Homepage http://faculty.uestc.edu.cn/konglingjiang/zh_CN/index.htm

Li Chunsheng, male, professor,doctoral supervisor. In 1984, he received his bachelor's degree in the department of electronic engineering from Beijing university of aeronautics and astronautics. In 1990 and 1998, he received Ms. and Ph. D in communication and electronic systems from Beijing university of aeronautics and astronautics, and has been teaching and researching space-borne SAR technology for many years. In 2005, he was promoted to professor of the department of electronic and information engineering. The main research fields include: overall design and simulation of space-borne SAR system, high-resolution imaging of space-borne SAR, multi-source remote sensing image information fusion, information acquisition and processing, etc. He has served as chief scientist of project 973, deputy leader of a thematic expert group of 863, deputy leader of Gaofen aviation group, and expert of innovation special zone. He has presided national 973 plan, 863 plan, national defense cross-industry pre-research fund/pre-research project and various collaborative projects over more than 20, and the relevant achievements have greatly promoted and lead the development of space-borne SAR technology in China. In addition, He has won the honorary title of advanced individual (important contribution award) in the 15th anniversary of the national 863 program, the first prize of national science and technology progress, the first prize of military science and technology progress, and many technical progress awards of the ministry of aviation. More than 80 papers and 4 cooperative monographs have been published.
Gang Li received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electronic engineering from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in 2002 and 2007, respectively. Since July 2007, he has been with the Faculty of Tsinghua University, where he is currently a Professor with the Department of Electronic Engineering. From 2012 to 2014, he visited Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA, and Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA. His research interests include radar imaging, distributed signal processing, sparse signal processing, micro-Doppler analysis, and information fusion. He has published more than 100 journal and conference papers. He is a Senior Member of IEEE. He is an Associate Editor for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING and a Guest Editor for the IET Radar Sonar and Navigation.

Jianbing Li (male) is currently working as professor/PhD supervisor at National University of Defense Technology and his research interests concentrate on the new concept radar and detection of "Distributed and Soft Object". He is now the distinguished young research of Hunan, IEEE senior member, outstanding scientific research/senior member/committee member of Radio Wave Propagation/member of young scientist club of CIE. He has published the 3 monographs, one of them is the first monograph in China to discuss the radar scattering characteristics of wake vortex (ranking No. 1). He has also published more than 20 SCI first-authored papers in IEEE T-AES and other international journals in this subject. His doctoral dissertation was nominated as a candidate of national excellent doctoral dissertations. He was elected as a potential outstanding young scholar in National University of Defense Technology. His research achievements have been well applied in the field of anti-XX and electronic countermeasures, which were awarded as the military scientific and technological progress prizes of the first, second and third grade, respectively. Email: jianbingli@nudt.edu.cn

Lianlin Li, PhD, Professor. Dr. Li’s research interests primarily focus on microwave sensing theory, algorithm and application. In these relevant areas, Dr. Li serves as PI for several national grants including NSFC, National Key Research and Development Program of China, and so on. Over the past years, he, as the first author or corresponding author, has published more than 80 high-quality journal papers in Nature Communications, Science Advances, and so on. Additionally, he has received several awards such as URSI young scientist, IAAM, SPE best paper, and so on.

Li Yongzhen(1977-), male, Ph.D, Post-doctor, Professor. He received the B.S. and Ph.D. degree from the School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Changsha, China, in 1999 and 2004 respectively. His research interests include polarimetric radar, radar electronic warfare, radar signal processing and target recognition. He co-published five monographs and more than 100 papers in IEEE Trans. GRS、IEEE Trans. SP、IET and so on. .he is currently a Professor with the National Key Laboratory of Complex Electromagnetic Environment Effects on Electronics and Information Systems, National University of Defense Technology. E-mail: Liyongzhen@nudt.edu.cn,e0061@sina.com.

Liao Guisheng, born in 1963, male, Ph.D. Dean/ Professor, School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University. He received the B.S. degree in mathematics from Guangxi University, Guangxi, China, in 1985 and the M.S. degree in computer software and the Ph.D. degree in signal and information processing, both from Xidian University, Xi'an, China, in 1990 and 1992, respectively. Since 1992, He has been with the National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing of Xidian University. His research interests mainly include array signal processing for radar, communication and navigation systems, moving target detectability in the airborne/space-borne platform radar and space-time adaptive processing. Dr. Liao had carried out research of Space-Time Adaptive Processing (STAP) technology for early-warning earlier interiorly. His study of theory,method and application of STAP technology was rewarded the first and the second prize for Ministry or Province Class Awards for Progress in Science and Technology, and the Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology was rewarded the second prize multinomial for Invention in National Defense Science and Technology in 2013. Additionally,he was awarded the Yangtze river scholars Distinguished Professor by the Ministry of Education, later an academic leader of Yangtze river scholars Innovation Team “Radar Signal Processing”, the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, and then was selected the first “State Class Persons of the New Century National Hundred, Thousand and Ten Thousand Talents Engineering” of Personnel of China. What’s more, He has published over two hundred SCI/EI papers. Dr. Liao serves as the vice-chairman of the Group C of China Committee of the International Union of Radio Science, the vice-chairman of the Telemetering, Remote Sensing and Telecontrol chapter of the Chinese Institute of Electronics, the chairman of Shaanxi Electronics Institute and the vice-chairman of the Committee of Signal and Information Processing. Hehas been a member of , serving as an editor-in-chief,and an Editorial Board Member of , , and other journals. Email :liaogs@xidian.edu.cn; Personal Homepage: http://see.xidian.edu.cn/graduate/advisor/show.asp?id=3102

Mingsheng Liao,He received the B.S. degree in electronic engineering from the Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping (WTUSM),Wuhan, China, in 1982, the M.A. degree in electronic and information engineering from the Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, in 1985, and the Ph.D. degree in photogrammetry and remote sensing from WTUSM in 2000. He was with the State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, where he became a Professor in 1997. He is currently the Principal Investigator of several projects funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), China, and the Natural Science Foundation of China. He is also the Co-Principal Investigator of theESA-MOST Cooperative Dragon I from 2004 to 2008, II from 2008 to 2012, III from 2012 to 2016, and IV from 2016 to 2020 Projects. He has authored or co-authored more than 100 peer-reviewed journal papers and several books focused on synthetic aperture radar interferometry techniques and applications. His research interests include remote sensing image processing and analysis, algorithms for interferometric synthetic aperture radar, integration and fusion of multisource spatial information, and applications of remote sensing data.

Hongwei Liu,was born in Mengjin, Henan, in March, 1971. He received the B.S. degree from Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China, in 1992; the M.S. and Ph.D degree in electronic engineering from Xidian University, Xi’an, China, in 1995 and 1999, respectively. From 2001 to 2002, he was a visiting scholar with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. He is currently a Professor and the director of the National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University. His research interests include cognitive radar, netted radar, radar target detection and imaging and machine learning. Ha has published over 150 journal papers.

Liu Yongxiang received the PHD degree form National University of Defense Technology (NUDT) in 2004, and he has been a professor in NUDT since 2011. He was with Imperial College London as an Academic Visitor in 2008. He has persisted in the research of Micro-motion Characteristic analysis and its application in radar target recognition for more than 10 years. He has published 2 monographs and about 100 papers, including 30 papers in IEEE and IET transactions, 45 papers was indexed by SCI. His paper was selected in Top Articles in Outstanding Science and Technology Journals of China, and one paper was selected the cover paper in Science and Technology Review. He has conducted more than 13 projects, winning the second prize once in National Technology Invention Award, the second prize once in National Science and Technology Progress Award, the first prize thrice and the second prize thrice in Military Science and Technology Progress Award respectively, and being authorized 8 patents as the first inventor. He has gotten the support from “National Young and Middle-aged Leading Scientists, Engineers &Innovators Project”, “National Excellent Youth Science Fund” (NSFC) and “Defense Science and Technology Excellence Youth Talent Fund” (MSTC). He has involved “Chang Jiang Scholar Program” and “New Century Excellent Talents in University” (EM). He was the direction leader of “Innovative Research Team” (NSFC) focusing in space countermeasure information processing and target recognition technology. He got Qiu Shi Outstanding Youth Award from China Association for Science and Technology(CAST). Email: lyx_bible@sina.com

Long teng was born in January 1968. He received the Ph.D. degree from Beijing institute of technology in 1995. Afterwards, he joined the faculty of Beijing institute of technology. He is professor, doctoral supervisor and the vice President of Beijing institute of technology now. His research interests include the fundamental and significant issues of the novel radar system and signal processing. He was the Chief Scientist of National Basic Research Program and National High Technology Research and Development Program of China. He is the Member of Experts Group of National Science and Technology Major Project. He is the Yangtze River Scholar Distinguished Professor by the Ministry of Education of China. He received the Distinguished Young Scholar Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation. He received the National High-level Personnel of Special Support Program (Ten Thousand Leading Talent Plan), Award of National Hundred, Thousand and Ten Thousand Talent Project, Award of National Young and Middle-aged Experts with Outstanding Contributions, Award of Youth Science and Technology Innovation Leader of National Talent Project and Award of Hundred Leading Talent of Beijing Science and Technology. He has published two academic books and over 320 academic papers including 120 papers indexed by SCI and 200 papers indexed by EI. He has been authorized more than 80 patents. He has received 2 second prize of National Technological Invention Awards (ranks first), 1 first prize of Education and Teaching Achievements of Beijing (ranks second). He is the President of Signal Processing Society of Chinese Institute of Electronics (CIE), the President of the Signal Processing Branch of China Instrument and Control Society (CIS), the Vice Director of Radio Location Society of CIE. He is also a Fellow of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Fellow of Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET) and Fellow of CIE. Email:longteng@bit.edu.cn

Ying Luo was born in Hunan, China, in 1984. He received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the Institute of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University in 2013. He was a Postdoctoral Fellow from 2014 to 2017 with the National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, and worked as a visiting scholar from 2017 to 2018 in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore. He is currently an Associated Professor/Ph.D. advisor with the Institute of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an, and is also an Adjunct Associated Professor with the Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (Ministry of Education), Fudan University. Currently, he is leading several projects funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, etc. He has published 3 books and over 30 SCI-indexed journal papers. Two of these papers won the First-grade Prize of Shaanxi Natural Science Excellent Academic Paper in 2010 and 2013, respectively. He has applied for more than 30 National Invention Patents. His research interests include signal processing and auto target recognition (ATR) in SAR and ISAR. Email: luoying2002521@163.com
Shilong Pan received the B.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electronic engineering from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, in 2004 and 2008, respectively. From 2008 to 2010, he was a “Vision 2010” Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Microwave Photonics Research Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Canada. He joined the College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China, in 2010, where he is currently a Full Professor and an Executive Director of the Key Laboratory of Radar Imaging and Microwave Photonics, the Ministry of Education.His research has focused on microwave photonics, which includes optical generation and processing of microwave signals, analog photonic links, photonic microwave measurement, and integrated microwave photonics. Prof. Pan has authored or co-authored over 420 research papers, including more than 230 papers in peer-reviewed journals and 190 papers in conference proceedings.Prof. Pan is currently an associate editor of Electronics Letters, a Topical Editor of Chinese Optics Letters, and is a Technical Committee member of IEEE MTT-3 Microwave Photonics. He is a Steering Committee Member of IEEE International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics, and International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks. Prof. Pan has also served as a Chair of a number of international conferences, symposia, and workshops, including the TPC Chair of the International Conference on Optical Communications and Networks in 2015, and TPC Co-chair of IEEE International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics in 2017. Prof. Pan is a Fellow of SPIE and IET, a senior member of IEEE and OSA. He was selected to receive the IEEE Photonics Society Distinguished Lecturer award in 2019, an OSA outstanding reviewer award in 2015, a top reviewer of IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave Technology in 2016 and 2018, and two Publons Peer Reviewer Awards in 2018. He was awarded the Scientific and Technological Innovation Leading Talents Award of the National Ten Thousand Plan.

Yirong Wu received the Ms.D. degree from the Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China, in 1988 and the Ph.D. degree from the Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IECAS), Beijing, China, in 2001. Since 1988, he has been with IECAS, where he is currently the Director. He has over 30 years of experience in remote sensing processing system design. His current research interests are microwave imaging, signal and information procession, and related applications.
Xuesong Wang was born in 1972. He received the B.E. and Ph.D. degrees from the School of Electronic Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China, in 1994 and 1999, respectively. He is currently a Professor with the National University of Defense Technology. His current research interests include polarimetric radar information processing and target recognition. Dr. Wang is a Senior Member of the Chinese Institute of Electronics (CIE).

Wan xianrong (1975-), male, received the Ph.D. degree in Wuhan university in 2005, professor of Wuhan university, dean of electronic science and technology department, doctoral advisor, senior member of the Chinese Institute of Electronics (CIE), a committee member of the Radiolocation Techniques Branch of CIE, a committee member of the Radio Propagation Branch of CIE. He is a member of editorial board for Journal of Electronics & Information Technology, Systems Engineering and Electronics , Journal of Radio Science, Journal of radars, Radar Science and Technology; He is an advisor of Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of Chinese Institute of Electronics, the academic leader of the national key discipline of radio physics and the key laboratory of radar & wireless communication technology in Hubei province. Recent years,he has presided and participated in more than ten national research project including one National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and one national key research and development plan of the 13th five-year plan. He has published about 120 papers and been authorized over 30 patents.

Hongqiang Wang was born in Shaanxi, China in 1970. He got the PHD degree form National University of Defense Technology (NUDT) in 2002, and he is currently a professor with the College of Electronic Science and Engineering of NUDT. He was selected the “State Class Persons of the New Century National Hundred, Thousand and Ten Thousand Talents Engineering” of Personnel of China and the “Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University”. He has won one second prize for national technological invention, three second prizes for national scientific and technological progress, four first prizes for military scientific and technological progress and one second prize for military scientific and technological progress. His main research interests are in the fields of radar signal processing, terahertz radar technology and coincidence imaging technology. He has published about 200 papers, including 100 papers indexing by SCI and 180 papers indexing by EI. In addition, he has published 2 monographs, and been authorized over 30 patents.

Wen-Qin Wang received the B.E. degree in electrical engineering from Shandong University, Shandong, China, in 2002, the M.E. and Ph.D. degrees in information and communication engineering from the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China, in 2005 and 2010, respectively. From March 2005 to March 2007, he was with the National Key Laboratory of Microwave Imaging Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, been with the School of Information and Communication Engineering, UESTC, where he is currently a Professor. From June 2011 to May 2012, he was a visiting scholar at Stevens Institute of Technology, NJ, USA. From December 2012 to December 2013, he was a Hong Kong scholar at City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. From January 2014 to January 2016, he was a Marie Curie Fellow position at Imperial College London, United Kingdom. His research interests span the area of array signal processing and circuit systems for radar, communications and microwave remote sensing.
Xue-Song Wang, Full-Professor and the Dean of the School of Electronic Science, National University of Defense Technology. He originally proposed the “Instantaneous polarimetric radar theory” and the “Interrupted-sampling and repeater jamming theory”. He is the receipt of the Distinguished Young Scholar from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Defense Science and Technology Excellent Youth Talent Foundation, National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation. He is the Fellow of the Chinese Institute of Electronics, the receipt of the China Association for Science and Technology's “Qiushi” Outstanding Youth Award, the Leading Talent of Scientific and Technological Innovation from the “Ten Thousand Plan”, the Leading Talent Training Object from the Military High-Level Scientific and Technological Innovation Talent Engineering. He is the Principle Investigation of Key Project from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He is now the vice leader of an experts group of the Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission, the member of the Expert Committee of National Defense Science and Technology Industry Aerospace Defense Innovation Center, the academic committee member of three national key laboratories. He serves as the associate editor of the Journal of Radars and the editorial board of several journals including the Chinese Journal of Electronics, Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics and so on. He was awarded the Outstanding Postgraduate Supervisor and the First Rank of Excellent Professional and Technical Talent from our army. He was nominated as the Top Ten Talented Pacesetters within our army. He is the receipt of one Second Prize of National Science and Technology Progress Award, four First Prizes and four Second Prizes of Military Scientific and Technological Progress Awards, respectively. He also won the Second-Class Merit and Third-Class Merit, and is the receipt of Special Government Allowances.
Wenxian Yu was born in Shanghai, China, in 1964. He received the B.Sc. degree in radio measurement and control and data transmission, the M.Sc. degree in communication and electronic system, and the Ph.D. degree in communication and information system from the National University of Defense Technology (NUDT), Changsha, China, in 1985, 1988, and 1993, respectively.
From 1996 to 2008, he was a Professor with the College of Electronic Science and Engineering, NUDT, where he was the Deputy Head of the College and the Assistant Director of the National Key Laboratory of Automatic Target Recognition. He was the Executive Dean of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, from 2009 to 2011. He is currently with the School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, where he is also a Yangtze River Scholar Distinguished Professor and the Head of Research. His research interests include radar target recognition, remote sensing information processing, multisensor data fusion, and integrated navigation system. In these areas, he has published over 200 research papers.
Wang Yanfei, Doctor, He is currently a Professor with the Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. His main research interests include SAR system, radar imaging techniques, and radar signal processing. He has won one first-class and two second-class National Science and Technology Progress Prize. He was selected for National Talents Engineering of Ministry of Personnel of China.
Wang Yong was born in 1979. He received the B. S. degree and M. S. degree from Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, China, in 2002 and 2004, respectively, both in electronic engineering. He received the Ph. D. degree in information and communication engineering from HIT in 2008. He is currently a Professor with the institute of electronic engineering technology in HIT. His main research interests are in the fields of time frequency analysis of nonstationary signal, radar signal processing, and their application in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging. He received the National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars in 2016, and the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of Ministry of Education of China in 2012, and the Excellent Doctor’s Degree nomination Award in China in 2010. Furthermore, he received the second prize of natural science in Heilongjiang Province. Prof. Yong Wang has published more than 90 papers, and more than 40 of them are indexed by SCI, and the total citation time is about 500. As project leader, he undertakes more than 10 projects such as the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He has been selected as the senior member of IEEE, IET Fellow and the reviewer of 《Mathematical Review》. E-mail: wangyong6012@hit.edu.cn; Homepage: http://homepage.hit.edu.cn/pages/wangyong6012

WANG Robert was born in 1980. He is now a Research Fellow and Ph.D. supervisor of Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Science, he is a Senior Member of IEEE. His main research interest is Bistotic SAR (BiSAR) and signal processing of FMCW SAR.

Wei Yingsheng (1974), male, PhD, professor, currently works as the vice dean of School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology. Prof. Wei’s main research area covers radar detection technology and signal and information processing technology under strong interference and strong clutter background. As the person in charge, he has presided over more than 20 national key projects, such as the Pre-Research Foundation Project of General Equipment Department, the General and Key Projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Excellent Youth Foundation Project of Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China, etc. The awards and honors that Prof. Wei has gained include: the special award of National Defense Science and Technology Progress Award, the first prize of Provincial Defense Science and Technology Progress Award and the outstanding scientific and technological workers of the Chinese Institute of Electronics, etc. Prof. Wei currently serves as an expert in the radar detection professional group, a senior consultant of the Second institute of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation, and a member of the editorial board of journals such as Systems Engineering and Electronics.

Junjie Wu is currently a Professor and PH.D supervisor of School of Communication and Information Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC). His professional interest and research area is advanced radar imaging technology. He is the council member of Sichuan Institute of Electronics, director of Signal Processing Society of Sichuan Institute of Electronics and the editorial board member of three international journals, including IEEE ACESS, Journal of Radars and Telecommunication Engineering. He is also the Technical Committee Co-Chair of Asia-Pacific Conference on Synthetic Aperture Radar (2019). He was the session Chairs of IEEE IGARSS, PIERS and was also a member of the Technical Program Committee of China national conference on radar (2017). He has authored more than 120 research articles, including 51 SCI indexed papers. He has authorized 57 national invention patents and undertaken 12 projects funded by "863"Program of China, National Defense Pre-Research Foundation and National Natural Science Foundation of China. He was the recipient of three scientific awards, including one National Technological Invention Award Second Prize. He was also the recipient of Talents Program of UESTC and outstanding scientific and technical workers of China Institute of Electronics. Email: junjie_wu@uestc.edu.cn

Chao Wang (M’98–SM'13) received the Ph.D. degree in geology from Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, in 1989. Since 1989, he has been involved in several national and international SAR remote sensing projects, including the SIR-C/X-SAR program, Japanese JERS-1 SAR verification program, Canadian Radarsat ADRO program, ERS program, and ENVISAT program. In between, he worked for one year with the German Aerospace Center (DLR-HF), Wessling, Germany, as a Guest Professor. In 1995 and 1998, he was a Visiting Scientist with CNR-IROE, Florence, Italy. He is currently a Professor with the Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Sciences, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. His research interests include microwave remote sensing, interferometry, and SAR image processing

Xing Mengdao, Ph.D., Professor, was borned in 1975. He is currently the Associate Dean of the Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies. He received his Ph.D. degree in engineering from Xidian University in 2002 and worked in school. He was promoted to the professor in 2004 and became the bachelor of Chinese Institute of Electronics in 2018. He has won the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, the National Science Foundation of China, and Young and Middle-aged Leading Talents of the Ministry of Science and Technology. He has also gained the first prize of Shaanxi province Science and Technology Award and the Shaanxi Innovation Team. His research mainly studies on radar imaging with a focus on fine imaging, flexible imaging, and large squint imaging. He has presided over several China “973” programs, 863 programs and pre-research projects. In the past five years, he has published 113 papers in international remote sensing journals such as TGRS and JSTAR. SCI cited 1617 times and H factor 42. He has cultivated and assisted in the training of 6 doctoral thesis of “National Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of China” and “Excellent Doctoral Dissertation of Shaanxi Province”. He currently serves as the associate editor for IEEE TGRS and IEEE senior member. In the past five years, he has been selected as one of” Top Citation Chinese Scholar”by Elsevier in the electronic and electrical engineering field. Website: http://web.xidian.edu.cn/mdxing/index.html
Xu Feng, Dr. Prof., Fudan Unviersity, received B.S. from Southeast University and Ph.D. from Fudan University in 2003 and 2008, respectively. He was a postdoctoral researcher at NOAA/NESDIS/STAR from 2009 to 2010 and a research scientist with NASA/GSFC-IAI from 2011 to 2012. His research interests include SAR advanced information retrieval, EM scattering modeling and novel sensing technologies. He currently serves as Associated Editor for IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters and the Chair of IEEE GRSS Shanghai Chapter.

Xiaojian Xu was born in Jiangxi, China, in 1963. He received the B.S. degree from the Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China, in 1983, the M.S. degree from the Beijing Institute of Environmental Features (BIEF), Beijing, China, in 1986, and the Ph.D. degree from the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA, in 2002, all in electrical engineering. He was with BIEF before 2002, where he was mainly involved in research of electromagnetic scattering modeling and microwave imaging. Since January 2003, he has been with the School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, as a Signal and Information Processing Professor. His current research interests include remote sensing system modelingand signatures, radar imagery and target recognition. He authored or co-authored 5 books, published more than 200 papers, and possesses more than 30 patents. Email:xiaojianxu@buaa.edu.cn.

Xiaopeng Yang (1976), Professor and Doctoral Supervisor of Beijing Institute of Technology, Chair of Radar Research Laboratory, Deputy Director of Innovative Discipline Center of Radar Technology, Representative of Faculty Congress Presidium of BIT, Senior Members of IEEE and Chinese Institute of Electronics (CIE). He received the B.E. and M.E. degrees from Xidian University, China, in 1999 and 2002, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from Tohoku University, Japan, in 2007. From 2007 to 2008, he was a Post-Doctoral Research Fellow with Tohoku University, Japan. From 2008 to 2010, he was a Post-Doctoral Research Associate with Syracuse University, USA. He is the Board of Governors of China Radar Industry Association, the Chinese society of Technical and Vocational education and Young Scientists Club of CIE. He is also the Standing Member of Radar Society of CIE, the Deputy General Secretary of Radar Society of CIE, Member of Signal Processing Society of CIE, the Director of Signal Processing and System Committee of Signal Processing Society of CIE, the Expert of National Key R&D Program, the Expert of Information System Bureau in Equipment Development Department, the Member of IEEE Aerospace and Electronics System Society (AESS) Radar System Panel (only one representative from Asia), the Member of IEEE AESS International Conference Committee, the Members of the IEEE AES Award Appraisal Committee, the Guest Editor of IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing, the Consultant Member of IEEE Macau AP/MTT Section. He is also the Editorial Board Member of Journal of Modern Radar and Journal of Signal Processing. Dr. Yang was the TPC chair of IEEE ICSIDP, IET Radar and International Forum on Radar and Information Processing. Moreover, he received the Outstanding Scientific and Technical Award of CIE, the Excellent Member of Radar Society of CIE, the Best Paper Awards of International Radar Conference and National Radar Conference of China, and the Best Journal Papers Award of CIE, etc.

Wei Yi (M’14) received the B.E. and the Ph.D. degrees in 2006 and 2012, respectively, both in electronic engineering from the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC). From 2010 to 2012, he was a visiting scholar in the Melbourne Systems Laboratory, University of Melbourne. From 2013 to 2015, he was a Senior Lecturer, and was promoted as an Associate Professor from 2015, at the School of Information and Communication Engineering.
His research interests include target tracking (particular emphasis on multiple target tracking and track-before-detect techniques), particle filtering, multi-sensor information fusion and resources management. He has co-authored over 100 papers of which about 40 on international journals. The i10 index is 31, H-index is 17, and the 5-year citation is 1029 (Google Scholar).
He received the “Best Student Paper Award” at the 2012 IEEE Radar Conference, Atlanta, the “Best Student Paper Award” at the 15th International Conference on Information Fusion, Singapore, 2012, and the co-recipient of the “Best Student Paper Award” at the 21st International Conference on Information Fusion, Cambridge, 2018. He served on the editorial boards of the Journal of Radars, the corresponding expert of FITEE, and is the Guest editor of MDPI Sensor Journal special issue. He also served as the Regular Committee member of the International Conference on Control Automation & Information Sciences. Email: kusso@uestc.edu.cn.

Hong-Cheng Yin was born in Jiangxi, China, in 1967. He received the Ph. D. degree in electromagnetic field and microwave technique from Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 1993. He is currently a Researcher Fellow with the Science and Technology on Electromagnetic Scattering Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Environmental Features. His research interests include electromagnetic scattering and inverse scattering, radar target characteristics, radar target recognition. He has coauthored four books and published more than 120 papers in technical journals. Dr. Yin is a Fellow of Chinese Institute of Electronics. E-mail:yinhc207@126.com

Jianyu Yang received the B.S. degree in electronic engineering from the National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China, in 1984, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electronic engineering from the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, China, in 1987 and 1991, respectively. He is a Professor with the School of Electronic Engineering, UESTC. His research interest includes synthetic aperture radar and statistical signal processing.

Tao Zeng (1971- ), male, Ph.D., currently works as Distinguished Professor and doctoral supervisor in Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT). Prof. Zeng serves as Vice-director of Radar Research Lab and Consultant of Radar Club in BIT. Prof. Zeng received his B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from the School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, in 1994 and 1999 respectively. Prof. Zeng’s research interests include radar system and signal processing and his work includes synthetic aperture radar and distributed radar. He has published 50 papers indexed by SCI and 100 papers indexed by EI. He has been authorized 21 patents for invention. His main research projects include Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China, Major International (Regional) Joint Research Project, Major National Development Project of Scientific Instruments and Equipment, National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 Program), National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program), and Major Research plan of the National Natural Science Foundation of China. He was supported by Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University in 2006.
He received the Distinguished Young Scholar Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation in 2016. He obtained 1 second prize of National Scientific and Technological Progress Award. He serves as a member of Experts Group of xx Satellite Payload, president of Radar Society of Beijing Institute of Electronics, associate editor of Radar and Sonar branch of Encyclopedia of China (the third edition), vice president of signal processing society of China High-Tech Industrialization Association and vice director of Multi-source Information System National Science Key Lab. He was the General Chair of IET International Radar Conference 2013. He was elected as a Fellow of Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET) in 2016.
Wenxian Yu holds the position of Dean and Director of academy of information technology and electrical engineering in Shanghai Jiao Tong University and Chief Scientist and director of Shanghai Beidou Research Institute. Prior to this, he was vice president of science and research department and school of electronic engineering, National University of Defense Technology. His research interests include, radar target recognition, remote sensing information processing, integrating navigation and positioning technology. He has been actively engaged in radar systems research since 1988 and is the author of over two hundred publications. He is the recipient of numerous awards for his outstanding research work in radar signal processing, radar target recognition and high precision navigation technology, including the State Scientific and Technological Progress Award, and the Shanghai Scientific and Technological Progress Award.
Zhang Qun received the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Xidian University, Xi’an, in 2001. He was a Research Engineer from 2001 to 2003 and a Research Fellow from 2005 to 2006 with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore. He is currently a Professor and Doctoral Supervisor with the School of Information and Navigation, Air Force Engineering University, Xi’an, and an Adjunct Professor with the Key Laboratory of Wave Scattering and Remote Sensing Information (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China. His main research interests include Radar Signal Processing, Radar Target Recognition, and Information Confrontation. He has published 2 Monographs and more than 400 academic papers. Email:afeuzq@163.com.

Zhu Daiyin was born in Wuxi, China, in 1974. He received the B.S. degree in electronic engineering from the Southeast University, Nanjing, China, in 1996 and the M. S. and Ph. D. degrees in electronic from the Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (NUAA), Nanjing, in 1998 and 2002, respectively. From 1998 to 1999, he was a Guest Scientist with the Institute of Radio Frequency Technology, German Aerospace Center, Oberphaffenhofen, where he worked in the field of SAR interferometry. In 1998, he joined the Department of Electronic Engineering, NUAA, where he is currently a professor. He has developed algorithms for several operational airborne SAR systems. His current research interests include radar imaging algorithms, SAR/ISAR autofocus techniques, SAR ground moving target indication (SAR/GMTI), and SAR interferometry

Zhu Shengqi, male, doctor, professor, doctoral tutor, national “Million Plan” Youth Talents, Shaanxi Province Outstanding Youth Fund winner, associate dean of Research Institute of Xi'dian University, deputy director of National International Cooperation Base of Integrated Electronic Information System of the Science and Technology Ministry, deputy secretary-general of the Radar Signal and System Committee of the Chinese Institute of Electronics, key member of the “Changjiang Scholar Innovation Team-Radar Signal Processing” of the Ministry of Education, key member of the Innovation Team of the Ministry of Science and Technology, and key member of the National Natural Science Foundation Innovation Group “Radar Cognitive Detection, Imaging and identification", expert of the National Quality and Technology Foundation Science and Technology Committee of Shaanxi Provincial Quality Supervision Bureau, and expert of Air Force Competitive Equipment Purchase Review. He was awarded the International Radio Union URSI Young Scientists Award, the National 100 Outstanding Paper candidate, the Second Prize of the Ministry of Education Natural Science, the National Defense Science and Technology Award, excellent scientific and technological worker of China Electronics Society, the Huo Yingdong Young Teacher award, young talents of Shaanxi Province special support plan, and Shaanxi young science and technology star. He has presided over the National Natural Science Foundation's major research project, 13th Five-Year Pre-Research project of the Equipment Development Department, National Defense 973, Army 863 and so on. He published more than 90 academic papers, of which more than 40 were published in international important journals. More than 60 patent applications were filed, of which 41 were authorized. E-mail: zhushengqi8@163.com, sqzhu@xidian.edu.cn;homepage:http://web.xidian.edu.cn/zsq

Zuo Qun-sheng is a Senior Engineer, who currently serves as chairman of the China Radar Industry Association, and director of its Science and Technology Committee. He is a national-level young and middle-aged expert with outstanding contributions, and an expert enjoying the special government allowance from the State Council of China. He has presided over and led the development of China’s first airborne PD radar system, the development of early warning aircraft phased array EWR project, and the development and test of the prototype system at the XX Early Warning Center. He has also initiated research and development of cognitive radar and cognitive coordinated detection systems in China. He formerly served as a part-time member of the Science and Technology Committee of the General Armaments Department; leader of its radar detection technology professional group; member of the Committee of Aerospace Technology Experts on the 863 Program (State High-Tech Development Plan); chief scientist of the 973 Project and leader of its expert group; and leader of the 863 project. Zuo was awarded a grand prize and a second-class prize for National Science and Technology Progress, a grand and six first-class prizes for the Scientific and Technological Progress of National Defense, and a second-class prize for Military Scientific and Technological Progress. He has authored Introduction to Cognitive Radar, translated Introduction to Radar Systems (third edition), etc., as well as wrote and published multiple technical papers.