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2025
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| Citation: | LI Yuxi, ZHU Ruichao, SUI Sai, et al. Dynamic electromagnetic control technology and its application based on metasurface[J]. Journal of Radars, in press. doi: 10.12000/JR24259
|
Dynamic Electromagnetic Control Technology and Its Application Based on Metasurface
DOI: 10.12000/JR24259 CSTR: 32380.14.JR24259
More Information-
Abstract
Electromagnetic (EM) metasurfaces are a novel type of artificial EM material exhibiting great advantages for wireless communication and signal processing. By introducing external excitation (mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, and magnetic excitations), the EM metasurface realizes a more flexible dynamic control of the EM response. On the basis of the dynamic control method, the EM metasurface can accurately control the phase, amplitude, polarization mode, propagation mode, and other characteristics of EM waves to realize wavefront control in different application scenarios. In this paper, we first summarize the research progress of dynamic control technology for EM metasurfaces. Then, the research status of EM metasurfaces in the fields of holographic imaging, polarization conversion, metalensing, beam steering, and intelligent systems based on the application scenarios is discussed. Finally, the development modes of EM metasurfaces and the development trends of intelligent control in the future are summarized and explored. -
References
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- Figure 1. Dynamic control methods based on MEMS: (a, c) Schematic diagram of metasurface based on electrostatic actuation[80−82]; (d, ,e) Schematic diagram of metasurface based on electrothermal actuation[84,85]; (f, g) Schematic diagram of the metasurface based on piezoelectric actuation[86,87]; (h, i) Schematic diagram of metasurface based on electromagnetic actuation[88,89]
- Figure 2. Dynamic control methods based on flexible substrate: (a) Schematic diagram of stretchable metasurface composed of dielectric rectangular resonators embedded in PDMS substrate[96]; (b) Schematic diagram of mechanically stretchable metamaterial composed of PDMS and gold[97]; (c) Schematic diagram of mechanically reconfigurable metasurface for continuously regulating wavefront in visible light frequency range[98]; (d) Schematic diagram of reconfigurable metasurface for holographic imaging[99]; (e) Schematic diagram of mechanically stretchable all-dielectric metasurface with polarization insensitivity[100]; (f) Schematic diagram of stretchable metasurface based on PI flexible substrate[101]
- Figure 3. Dynamic control methods based on origami: (a) Schematic diagram of multifunctional reconfigurable gradient metasurface[111]; (b) Schematic diagram of multifunctional reconfigurable metasurface[112]; (c) Schematic diagram of programmable metamaterial for mutual conversion between reflector and frequency selective absorber[113]; (d) Schematic diagram of frequency selective surface with adjustable transmittance and emission spectra[114]; (e) Schematic diagram of reconfigurable absorber with adjustable bandwidth[115]; (f) Schematic diagram of reconfigurable polarization conversion metasurface[116]
- Figure 4. Dynamic control methods based on phase change material: (a) Schematic diagram of thermal control absorbing metasurface based on VO2 film; (b) Schematic diagram of tunable terahertz metamaterial based on VO2 film[118]; (c) Schematic diagram of metasurface for broadband dynamic holographic imaging[119]; (d) Schematic diagram of tunable terahertz metamaterial composed of silicon substrate and GST cylindrical array[122]; (e) Schematic diagram of thermal control metasurface with broadband polarization conversion and absorption switching[123]; (f) Schematic diagram of ultra-low insertion loss active polarizer based on asymmetrical directional coupler[124]
- Figure 5. Dynamic control methods based on liquid crystal and semiconductor: (a) Schematic diagram of tunable dual-layered metasurface based on liquid crystal[125]; (b) Schematic diagram of all-dielectric silicon nanodisk metasurface[126]; (c) Schematic diagram of all-optically controlled liquid-crystal metasurface[127]; (d) Schematic diagram of tunable all-dielectric metasurface operating in the communication wavelength range[128]; (e) Schematic diagram of tunable all-dielectric metasurface absorber based on InSb film[129]; (f) Schematic diagram of resonant structure made of intrinsic InSb film on the highly doped InSb substrate[130]
- Figure 6. Dynamic control methods based on electronic control lumped device: (a) Schematic diagram of reconfigurable metasurface in frequency and spatial domains[134]; (b) Schematic diagram of space-time-coding metasurface capable of generating various frequency-modulated continuous waves[135]; (c) Schematic diagram of active metasurface for reflection, transmission and absorption[136]; (d) Schematic diagram of metasurface for independent manipulation of reflection amplitude and phase[137]; (e) Schematic diagram of reconfigurable metasurface for beam splitting, beam deflection and polarization conversion[138]; (f) Schematic diagram of tunable multifunctional metasurface[140]; (g) Schematic diagram of dual-programmable metasurface with modular control circuits[141]; (h) Schematic diagram of single-/dual-band tunable absorber loaded varactor diode[142]; (i) Schematic diagram of adaptive reconfigurable multi-beam reflection metasurface based on multispectral detection[143]; (j): Schematic diagram of active metasurface with continuously and independently regulating the amplitude and frequency of resonant absorption over a broadband range[144]
- Figure 7. Dynamic control methods based on electronic control material: (a) Schematic diagram of dynamically tunable reflectarray metasurface for continuously modulating reflection phase in the near-infrared wavelength range[145]; (b) Schematic diagram of asymmetric splitloop resonator with an outer square loop based on VO2 film[146]; (c) Schematic diagram of tunable all-dielectric metasurface based on indium tin oxide[147]; (d) Schematic diagram of heterostructure metasurface based on conductive oxide[148]; (e) Schematic diagram of novel graphene metasurface-based electrical control infrared light modulator[149]; (f) Schematic diagram of metamaterial composed of graphene-alumina-graphene stacking[150]; (g) Schematic diagram of electronic control hybrid graphene metasurface[151]
- Figure 8. Dynamic control methods based on optical control material: (a) Schematic diagram of photo-excited metasurface for circular polarization conversion and anomalous beam deflection at different frequencies independently[152]; (b) Schematic diagram of silicon-based terahertz metasurface modulator for modulating resonance frequency, reflection phase and reflection amplitude[153]; (c) Schematic diagram of light-controlled metasurface that dramatically eliminates the lateral diffusion of the photogenerated carriers[154]; (d) Schematic diagram of the structure for the static and dynamic control of Fabry-Perot nanocavities[155]; (e) Principle diagram of the extraordinarily large permittivity changes in zinc oxide thin films induced by optically generated free carriers[156]; (f) Schematic diagram of polarization modulator based on ZnO[157]; (g) Schematic diagram of high-quality factor Berreman-type perfect absorber at 2.08 μm[158]
- Figure 9. Dynamic control methods based on optical control lumped device: (a) Schematic diagram of light-controlled digital coding metasurface for realizing free switching of electromagnetic wave transmission state in different frequency bands[159]; (b) Schematic diagram of digital coding metasurface for microwave stealth, electromagnetic illusion and vortex beam[160]; (c) Schematic diagram of light-controlled time-domain digital coding metasurface consisting of a high-speed photoelectric detection circuit and a full-polarization dynamic metasurface[161]; (d) Schematic diagram of digital coding metasurface composed of a photoresistor and a voltage-driven module[162]; (e) Schematic diagram of programmable metasurface based on ultraviolet sensors[163]; (f) Schematic diagram of light-controlled metasurface integrating varactor and photoresistor[164]; (g) Schematic diagram of light-controlled reconfigurable microstrip reflective antenna[165]
- Figure 10. Dynamic control methods based on magnetic excitation: (a) Schematic diagram of magnetically controlled metamaterial for magnetic modulation of the Au/Ni/Au nanorods surface plasmon resonance[167]; (b) Schematic diagram of microantenna and hole-array metamaterial platforms made of Ni81Fe19/Au multilayers[168]; (c) Schematic diagram of polarization multiplexing holography metasurface[169]; (d) Schematic diagram of structure for the realization of non-reciprocal wave propagation by using a ferrite rod chain[170]; (e) Schematic diagram of tunable artificial microwave blackbodies based on metasurfaces[171]; (f) Schematic diagram of two-dimensional array of split-ring resonators using ultrathin flexible metals bonded with Mn-Zn ferrite patches[172]; (g) Schematic diagram of magnetically tunable film-type acoustic metasurface composed of composed of iso-sectional circular tube and membrane[173]
- Figure 11. Implementation methods of holographic imaging: (a) Schematic diagram of reconfigurable metasurface for real-time holographic imaging by femtosecond laser pump[174]; (b) Schematic diagram of multi-channel holographic imaging metasurface in the terahertz band by using properties of vanadium dioxide[175]; (c) Schematic diagram of dynamic metasurface hologram by utilizing hierarchical reaction kinetics of magnesium upon a hydrogenation/dehydrogenation process[176]; (d) Schematic diagram of 1-bit coding metasurface for programmable holographic imaging[177]; (e) Schematic diagram of programmable supersurface for different holographic images on different detecting planes and operating frequencies[178]; (f) Schematic diagram of 2-bit space-time coding metasurface for near-field holographic reconstruction of two different images using ±1st order harmonics[179]
- Figure 12. Implementation methods of polarization conversion: (a) Schematic diagram of reconfigurable metasurface driven by MEMS[180]; (b) Schematic diagram of electronical control optical metasurface[181]; (c) Schematic diagram of broadband linear polarization converter based on graphene metasurface[182]; (d) Schematic diagram of high-efficiency transmission linear to circular polarization converter based on an all-dielectric silicon metasurface[183]; (e) Schematic diagram of tunable reflection polarization converter composed of split metal ring filled with VO2 and central rod[184]; (f) Schematic diagram of reconfigurable broadband polarization converter composed of butterfly-shaped metal structure, dielectric substrate, and improved metal bias line[185]; (g) Schematic diagram of reconfigurable polarization conversion metasurface based on PIN diode[186]
- Figure 13. Implementation methods of metalens: (a) Schematic diagram of optical-mechanical controlled metalens composed of suspended Huygens atom carved on independent crystal silicon film[187]; (b) Schematic diagram of high-performance zoom metalens composed of GSST Huygens atom on the CaF2 substrate[188]; (c) Schematic diagram of electronically controlled metalens using a hybrid structure of a metallic metasurface and a monolayer graphene[189]; (d) Schematic diagram of electronically controlled metalens composed of a PB phase-based metal metasurface structure and a single layer of graphene[190]; (e) Schematic diagram of double-layer electrode-driven liquid crystal lens with adjustable focal length and controllable focal plane[191]; (f) Schematic diagram of electronically controlled bifocal metalenses operating in the visible light band[192]
- Figure 14. Implementation methods of beam steering: (a) Schematic diagram of silicon-nanodisk dielectric metasurface based on liquid crystals[193]; (b) Schematic diagram of reflective metasurface composed of metal-dielectric-oxide structures[194]; (c) Schematic diagram of a dynamically tunable metasurface in the near-infrared wavelength band[195]; (d) Schematic diagram of all-dielectric active metasurface based on III-V multiple-quantum-well[196]; (e) Schematic diagram of electronical control metasurface based on VO2[197]; (f) Schematic diagram of terahertz metasurface based on liquid crystal elastomer substrate[198]; (g) Schematic diagram of metalenses to generate converging and non-diffractive vortex beam carrying orbital angular momentum[199]; (h) Schematic diagram of multilayer transmissive digital coding metasurface for generating dual-mode quad orbital angular momentum beams[200]; (i) Schematic diagram of dynamic generation of multiplexed vortex beams based on space-time-coding metasurface[201]
- Figure 15. Implementation methods of intelligent system: (a) Schematic diagram of intelligent metasurface with integrated three-axis gyroscope for adaptive control of electromagnetic radiation beam[202]; (b) Schematic diagram of intelligent metasurface Intelligent for adaptive manipulation of incident waves at different frequencies[203]; (c) Schematic diagram of information metasurface for intelligent target positioning and adaptive beam tracking[204]; (d) Schematic diagram of adaptive intelligent routing system for dynamically changing working frequency in wide DOA and broadband range[205]; (e) Schematic diagram of intelligent metasurface Intelligent metasurface with automatic adjustment of electromagnetic function based on incident power information[206]; (f) Schematic diagram of intelligent stealth cloak driven by deep learning[207]; (g) Schematic diagram of intelligent metasurface driven by artificial neural networks for respiratory monitoring and sign language recognition[208]