典型目标被动毫米波成像亮温建模与动态演化分析

程亚运; 徐梓翔; 王楠楠; 马航; 熊慧敏; 蒙重霖; 邱景辉

doi:10.12000/JR26089

典型目标被动毫米波成像亮温建模与动态演化分析

DOI: 10.12000/JR26089 CSTR: 32380.14.JR26089

程亚运¹,
徐梓翔¹,
王楠楠^1, ,,
马航¹,
熊慧敏¹,
蒙重霖¹,
邱景辉^{1, 2}

1.
哈尔滨工业大学电子与信息工程学院哈尔滨 150001
2.
海南热带海洋学院海洋信息工程学院三亚 572022

基金项目: 电磁空间安全全国重点实验室开放基金项目，国家自然科学基金(62571165)

详细信息

作者简介:
程亚运，研究员，主要研究方向为毫米波太赫兹传输与成像技术

徐梓翔，硕士生，主要研究方向为空中飞机的被动毫米波成像仿真

王楠楠，副教授，主要研究方向为被动毫米波成像以及毫米波天线和阵列

马　航，硕士生，主要研究方向为探地领域的被动毫米波多极化成像及应用

熊慧敏，博士生，主要研究方向为海面舰船及其尾迹被动毫米波成像建模

蒙重霖，博士生，主要研究方向为毫米波成像与天线设计

邱景辉，教授，主要研究方向为毫米波太赫兹技术

通讯作者:
王楠楠 wangnn@hit.edu.cn

责任主编：徐刚 Corresponding Editor: XU Gang

中图分类号: TP753; TP391
计量
- 文章访问数:
- HTML全文浏览量:
- PDF下载量:
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-05-09
- 修回日期: 2026-08-25

Brightness Temperature Modeling and Dynamic Evolution Analysis of Passive Millimeter-wave Imaging for Typical Targets

1.
School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
2.
School of Marine Information Engineering, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya 572022, China

Funds: Open Fund Project of State Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Space Security, The National Natural Science Foundation of China (62571165)

More Information

Corresponding author: WANG Nannan, wangnn@hit.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 被动毫米波成像技术凭借准全天候与不主动发射电磁信号的优势，在空中目标监视领域展现出应用潜力。该文针对典型民航客机目标，探究其在动态飞行过程中的被动毫米波成像亮温建模和辐射特性演化规律。首先，基于射线追踪法与涂层金属辐射机理构建了飞机目标的毫米波本征辐射模型，并利用缩比模型开展实测对比实验，验证了理论仿真的准确性。然后，系统模拟了客机定高巡航与起飞爬升两种典型动态观测场景，分析了观测仰角、距离和极化对目标观测亮温的影响规律。最后，基于亮温动态演化，分析了探测能力，对不同观测仰角和典型天气条件下的极限探测距离展开了定量评估。研究表明，低仰角时天空背景高亮温会导致探测盲区；仰角升高后，目标对比度增强，探测距离提升；垂直极化模式亮温差异更大，探测能力更优，但距离很远时双极化模式趋于相同；典型云雾天气下的探测能力仍具有较高水平。可见，合理选择观测仰角与极化模式是提升探测性能的关键。
- 被动毫米波成像 /
- 本征辐射 /
- 空中目标 /
- 亮温建模 /
- 亮温动态演化 /
- 探测距离
Abstract: Passive millimeter-wave imaging technology has demonstrated considerable application potential for airborne target surveillance because it has quasi-all-weather operational capability and does not actively emit electromagnetic signals. This paper focuses on typical civil aviation airliner targets and investigates their brightness temperature modeling and the evolution of their radiometric characteristics during dynamic flight. First, an inherent millimeter-wave radiation model for aircraft targets is constructed using the ray-tracing method and the radiation mechanism of coated metals. Scaled-model measurement experiments for comparison and validation confirm the accuracy of the theoretical simulations. Second, two typical dynamic observation scenarios—level cruise flight and takeoff—are systematically simulated, and the effects of observation elevation angle, range, and polarization on the target’s observed brightness temperature are analyzed. Finally, based on the dynamic evolution of brightness temperature, detection capability is assessed, and the maximum detection range is quantitatively evaluated at different observation elevation angles. The results indicate that at low elevation angles, the high brightness temperature of the sky background creates detection blind zones; as the elevation angle increases, target contrast is enhanced and detection range improves; vertical polarization mode yields a greater brightness temperature differential and thus superior detection performance, although the two polarization modes tend to converge at very long ranges. The rational selection of observation elevation angle and polarization mode is key to improving detection performance.
- Passive Millimeter-Wave (PMMW) imaging /
- Intrinsic radiation /
- Airborne targets /
- Brightness temperature modeling /
- Brightness temperature dynamic evolution /
- Detection range

HTML全文

图 1 地基被动毫米波系统探测空中目标辐射机理示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the radiation mechanism for ground-based passive millimeter-wave detection of airborne targets

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 涂层金属的辐射传输模型

Figure 2. Radiation transfer model of coated metal

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 涂层金属和土壤的等效发射率与等效反射率随入射角变化曲线

Figure 3. Variation of equivalent emissivity and reflectivity of coated metal and soil with incident angle

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 3种典型角度下的飞机平面与天空背景的视在亮温及亮温差

Figure 4. Apparent brightness temperature and brightness temperature difference of the aircraft surface and sky background at three typical angles

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 空客A380飞机3D模型结构示意图

Figure 5. 3D structural model of the Airbus A380 aircraft

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 缩比模型飞机实验与仿真结果

Figure 6. Experimental and simulation results of the aircraft model

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 仿真与实测一维亮温廓线对比图

Figure 7. Comparison between experimental and simulated brightness temperatures

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 两种观测场景图

Figure 8. Schematics of two observation scenes

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 两种场景观测的水平与垂直极化加噪天线亮温动态演化图

Figure 9. Simulated antenna brightness temperature results at horizontal and vertical polarizations of the two observation scenes

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 两种场景双极化亮温差异图

Figure 10. Dual-polarization brightness temperature difference for the two scenarios

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 不同观测俯仰角下目标天线亮温差随观测距离的变化曲线

Figure 11. Variations of antenna brightness temperature difference for observation range at different observation elevation angles

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 仿真验证参数表

Table 1. Simulation validation parameters

名称	数值
工作频率	94 GHz
极化方式	水平H，垂直V
波束宽度	0.15°
扫描步长	0.0375°
灵敏度	0.3 K
观测俯仰角	5°～90°(场景1) 0°～78°(场景2)
观测距离	10～115 km(场景1) 2～9.6 km(场景2)
机身温度	290 K
地面温度	293 K
油漆层厚度	0.2 mm
飞机模型尺寸	72.95 m×79.75 m×24.09 m
金属相对复介电常数$ {\varepsilon }_{1} $	5-j4.2×10^6[31]
油漆相对复介电常数$ {\varepsilon }_{2} $	3.64-j0.23^[32]
土壤相对复介电常数$ {\varepsilon }_{3} $	4.11-j0.35^[33]

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 典型低能见度天气参数设置

Table 2. Parameters of typical low-visibility weather conditions

天气	含水量(g/m³)	高度(km)
薄雾	0.15	≤0.05
浓雾	0.16	≤0.1
层云	0.10	1.0～4.0
低层云	0.25	0.5～1.0
积云	0.80	1.6～2.0

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 不同天气条件下各观测仰角对应的极限探测距离(km)

Table 3. Maximum detection range (km) under different weather conditions at various elevation angles

天气类型	观测仰角(°)
天气类型	5	15	20	30	45	60	75	90
晴天	11	86	113	154	201	234	251	259
薄雾	11	86	112	153	200	233	250	258
浓雾	11	84	111	152	199	232	249	257
层云	9	47	72	114	163	197	215	222
低层云	8	69	96	138	185	219	236	244
积云	8	45	68	109	155	189	207	214

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(37)

[1]	张兆宁, 何雅晴. 基于情景构建和推演的终端区管制系统安全风险[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2025, 25(33): 14496–14506. doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2501597. ZHANG Zhaoning and HE Yaqing. Safety risks of terminal area control system based on scenario construction and simulation[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2025, 25(33): 14496–14506. doi: 10.12404/j.issn.1671-1815.2501597.
[2]	吴仁彪, 毛建, 王晓亮, 等. 航管一次雷达抗风电场干扰目标检测方法[J]. 电子与信息学报, 2013, 35(3): 754–758. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1146.2012.00923. WU Renbiao, MAO Jian, WANG Xiaoliang, et al. Target detection of primary surveillance radar in wind farm clutter[J]. Journal of Electronics & Information Technology, 2013, 35(3): 754–758. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1146.2012.00923.
[3]	赵英健, 蒋李兵, 郑舒予, 等. 自适应PHD-BOF: 一种基于低空监视雷达的慢速目标跟踪方法[J]. 雷达学报(中英文), 2026, 15(2): 605–619. doi: 10.12000/JR25081. ZHAO Yingjian, JIANG Libing, ZHENG Shuyu, et al. Adaptive PHD-BOF: A slow-moving targets tracking method with air surveillance radar[J]. Journal of Radars, 2026, 15(2): 605–619. doi: 10.12000/JR25081.
[4]	孔令讲, 郭世盛, 陈家辉, 等. 多径利用雷达目标探测技术综述与展望[J]. 雷达学报(中英文), 2024, 13(1): 23–45. doi: 10.12000/JR23134. KONG Lingjiang, GUO Shisheng, CHEN Jiahui, et al. Overview and prospects of multipath exploitation radar target detection technology[J]. Journal of Radars, 2024, 13(1): 23–45. doi: 10.12000/JR23134.
[5]	郭大路, 李珈莹, 乔灵博, 等. 毫米波雷达系统射频前端测试方法[J]. 测试技术学报, 2025, 39(5): 499–505. doi: 10.62756/csjs.1671-7449.2025085. GUO Dalu, LI Jiaying, QIAO Lingbo, et al. Front-end testing method based on millimeter wave radar system[J]. Journal of Test and Measurement Technology, 2025, 39(5): 499–505. doi: 10.62756/csjs.1671-7449.2025085.
[6]	YUJIRI L, SHOUCRI M, and MOFFA P. Passive millimeter wave imaging[J]. IEEE Microwave Magazine, 2003, 4(3): 39–50. doi: 10.1109/MMW.2003.1237476.
[7]	程亚运, 任鑫洋, 李士钦, 等. 典型干扰下海面目标被动毫米波成像检测[J]. 电波科学学报, 2025, 40(4): 760–769. doi: 10.12265/J.Cjors.2025031. CHENG Yayun, REN Xinyang, LI Shiqin, et al. Passive millimeter-wave imaging detection of sea surface targets with typical interferences[J]. Chinese Journal of Radio Science, 2025, 40(4): 760–769. doi: 10.12265/J.Cjors.2025031.
[8]	CHENG Yayun, XIONG Huimin, QI Bo, et al. Optimal polarization of passive millimeter-wave imaging for sea scene observation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2025, 73(1): 554–565. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2024.3507613.
[9]	FOX S, MATTIOLI V, TURNER E, et al. An evaluation of atmospheric absorption models at millimetre and sub-millimetre wavelengths using airborne observations[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2024, 17(16): 4957–4978. doi: 10.5194/amt-17-4957-2024.
[10]	ULABY F T and LONG D G. Microwave Radar and Radiometric Remote Sensing[M]. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2014.
[11]	HANSEN H J. Standoff detection using millimeter and submillimeter wave spectroscopy[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 2007, 95(8): 1691–1704. doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2007.900331.
[12]	CHENG Yayun, ZHANG Li, GUO Dalu, et al. Subregional polarization fusion via Stokes parameters in passive millimeter-wave imaging[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2024, 20(6): 8585–8595. doi: 10.1109/TII.2024.3372010.
[13]	GUO Cheng, HU Fei, and HU Yan. Concealed object detection for passive millimeter-wave security imaging based on task-aligned detection transformer[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2023, 72: 5011513. doi: 10.1109/TIM.2023.3261932.
[14]	WANG Yifei, CHENG Yayun, TANG Peiwen, et al. Pathway detection using fusion polarization features in passive millimeter-wave imaging[J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 2026, 36(3): 2685–2696. doi: 10.1109/TCSVT.2025.3613515.
[15]	SALMON N A. Outdoor passive millimeter-wave imaging: Phenomenology and scene simulation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2018, 66(2): 897–908. doi: 10.1109/TAP.2017.2781742.
[16]	SARKKINEN S. Imaging at 94 GHz for aircraft landing scenarios[D]. [Master dissertation], Aalto University, 2023: 1–36.
[17]	ZHOU Yiwen, SCHWANK M, BOUTIN J, et al. Satellite microwave radiometry at L-band for monitoring Earth's essential climate variables: From fundamental physics to sixteen years of global climate observations and beyond[J]. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine, 2026, 14(3): 285–328. doi: 10.1109/MGRS.2026.3665669.
[18]	JIANG Zhe, CHENG Yayun, MENG Zhonglin, et al. Physics-based feature fusion of passive and active millimeter-wave imaging under noise illumination for handheld concealed object detection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 2025, 73(11): 9402–9414. doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2025.3581910.
[19]	WANG Yuzhong, WANG Yinghan, YUE Ziang, et al. Static millimeter-wave wide-angle dual-polarized meta-detector for noninteractive personnel security screening[J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2026, 22(5): 4444–4455. doi: 10.1109/TII.2026.3658695.
[20]	CHENG Yayun, WU Huaixin, REN Xinyang, et al. Object segmentation using polarization random feature in passive millimeter-wave imaging[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2024, 62: 5302112. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2024.3405738.
[21]	STEWART W L. Passive millimeter wave imaging considerations for tactical aircraft[J]. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, 2002, 17(12): 11–15. doi: 10.1109/MAES.2002.1145731.
[22]	张祖荫, 郭伟, 文光华, 等. 金属目标微波辐射特性的理论分析和缩比测量[J]. 华中理工大学学报, 1994, 22(4): 85–88. doi: 10.13245/j.hust.1994.04.017. ZHANG Zuyin, GUO Wei, WEN Guanghua, et al. A theoretical analysis and scale shrinking measurement of the microwave radiation characteristic of metal objects[J]. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1994, 22(4): 85–88. doi: 10.13245/j.hust.1994.04.017.
[23]	彭树生, 李兴国. 毫米波辐射计反空中涂层隐身飞机的分析[J]. 红外与毫米波学报, 1998, 17(6): 454–458. PENG Shusheng and LI Xingguo. Analysis of anti coating stealth airplane with a millimeter wave radiometer[J]. Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 1998, 17(6): 454–458.
[24]	董晓龙, 吴季, 姜景山. 微波辐射计用于隐身目标探测的性能分析[J]. 系统工程与电子技术, 2001, 23(3): 54–57. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-506X.2001.03.016. DONG Xiaolong, WU Ji, and JIANG Jingshan. The performance of the detection of stealthy targets by microwave radiometer[J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 2001, 23(3): 54–57. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-506X.2001.03.016.
[25]	李曙光, 于守江, 姜伟, 等. 综合孔径辐射计空中隐身目标探测技术[J]. 无线电工程, 2015, 45(3): 50–53,61. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3106.2015.03.14. LI Shuguang, YU Shoujiang, JIANG Wei, et al. Detection of aerial stealthy targets by synthetic aperture microwave radiometer[J]. Radio Engineering, 2015, 45(3): 50–53,61. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-3106.2015.03.14.
[26]	LU Hailiang, LI Yinan, XIE Xu, et al. Aircraft detection by a ground-based passive interferometric microwave sensor (PIMS)[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2023, 61: 5301413. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2023.3281827.
[27]	XU Yanyu, ZHU Dong, HU Fei, et al. Enhancing target imaging via joint sparse and low-rank priors using real data in synthetic aperture interferometric radiometer[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2025, 63: 5302318. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2025.3601618.
[28]	JIANG Zhe, CHEN Weijie, CHENG Yayun, et al. Dual-frequency and dual-polarization passive millimeter-wave imagery[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2025, 63: 5300110. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2024.3512601.
[29]	XU Zixiang, CHENG Yayun, CHEN Jiayi, et al. Simulation of passive millimeter-wave monitoring imaging for civil aircraft[C]. 2025 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Brisbane, Australia, 2025: 5727–5730. DOI: 10.1109/IGARSS55030.2025.11242325.
[30]	LIEBE H J, HUFFORD G A, and COTTON M G. Propagation modeling of moist air and suspended water/ice particles at frequencies below 1000 GHz[C]. AGARD Conference Proceedings 542: Atmospheric Propagation Effects through Natural and Man-Made Obscurants for Visible to MM-Wave Radiation, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, 1993: 3.1–3.10.
[31]	LAMB J W. Miscellaneous data on materials for millimetre and submillimetre optics[J]. International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 1996, 17(12): 1997–2034. doi: 10.1007/BF02069487.
[32]	NASHASHIBI A Y, SARABANDI K, SHAMAN H, et al. Permittivity characterization of automotive paint material at W-band frequencies[C]. 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, Atlanta, GA, USA, 2019: 99–100. doi: 10.1109/APUSNCURSINRSM.2019.8888831.
[33]	CALVET J C, WIGNERON J P, CHANZY A, et al. Microwave dielectric properties of a silt-loam at high frequencies[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1995, 33(3): 634–642. doi: 10.1109/36.387579.
[34]	WILKS D S. Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences[M]. 4th ed. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, 2019: 1–840. DOI: 10.1016/C2017-0-03921-6.
[35]	Flightradar24. B-8979 - Airbus A321-211 - China eastern airlines[EB/OL]. https://www.flightradar24.com/data/aircraft/b-8979#3d92422f, 2025.
[36]	CHENG Yayun, QIAO Lingbo, ZHU Dong, et al. Passive polarimetric imaging of millimeter and terahertz waves for personnel security screening[J]. Optics Letters, 2021, 46(6): 1233–1236. doi: 10.1364/OL.418497.
[37]	卢海梁, 李一楠, 宋广南, 等. 海面目标星载微波辐射无源探测技术研究[J]. 红外与毫米波学报, 2019, 38(5): 674–682. LU Hailiang, LI Yinan, SONG Guangnan, et al. Research on the passive detection technology using space-borne synthesis aperture microwave radiometers for the sea surface target[J]. Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves, 2019, 38(5): 674–682.